You are on page 1of 62

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

Some Basic Terms


Information -consists of facts and items of knowledge. It
can be anything that has meaning to people . Ex-Name & Address ,Map Data - is information in which it can be processed.

Ex - A word processed letter stored on a floppy disc

Hardware - the equipment associated with a computer system Software - the instructions that tell a computer what to do
2

Applications Software - software that is used to solve a particular problem Program - set of step-by-step instructions step-bythat directs the computer Computer Programmer - person who writes programs User - people who purchase and use computer software
3

Hardware
The equipment associated with a computer system

Data Processing
A computer is a machine that accepts data (input) and processes it into useful information (output).
INPUT (DATA) OUTPUT
(INFORMATION)

PROCESSOR

Figure 1.1 A simplified representation of a computer

Primary Components of a Computer System


Input Devices accept data in a form the computer can use. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) has the electronic circuitry for manipulating input into the information wanted. Memory temporarily holds data and instructions needed by the CPU. Output Devices make the processed data available for use. Secondary Storage Devices store additional data and programs.

Primary Components of a Computer System

CPU transforms raw storage processed information Memory or Primary data into CPU consists of both before and after it is processed hold data electronic circuits that; interprets and execute program instructions holds instructions (programs) needed communicate with I/O and Storage devices
8

General computer concept


The computer as an information-processing device performs five basic functional operations. The Input function The Output function The Storage (Memory) function The Arithmetic/Logic (ALU) function The control function
9

Input

Storage

Output

Arithmetic/ Logic

Control CPU

Information Control Figure 1.4 Functional Block Diagram of a Digital Computer


10

Flow of Information
All information that the computer possesses must be entered via the Input function Depending on the type of information, it may be used to tell the computer what to do instructions OR it may be used as data in arithmetic or logical operations Data

11

As an instruction, the information tells the computer where the next information is stored or what to do with the next packet of information obtained As data, it will be routed to the Arithmetic/Logic function for processing and back to await its next use All instructions and data are placed in the memory (storage)
12

All instructions and data are placed in the memory (storage) Instructions and data are processed sequentially as required by the stored program and the intermediate/final results are returned to storage

The output function displays the results of the internal processing of information when called upon by the control function
13

Common Input Devices


Typing on a keyboard

Pointing with a mouse Writing with a pen-based computer system Speaking to a voice input system Scanners. Document readers.

14

Mouse
A mouse is an input device designed to fit snugly under a hand while it is moved about over a table

Uses of mouse
To select options from a menu or from a set of icons. To position the cursor when editing text or using a design packages. To select an object in a drawing or a piece of text to be copied, moved or deleted.
15

Document Readers
OMR, OCR and MICR- A document reader is a MICR-

device which read data straight from a form. Ex Optical Mark Recognition(OMR) Optical Character Recognition(OCR) Magnetic Ink Character Recognition(MICR)

16

Optical Mark Recognition. (OMR) Recognition.


 OMR is a system of reading lines or marks which have been made in exactly the right positions on a card or document.

Applications of OMR
The documents to be read have empty boxes to take the marks. These have been preprinted on to the documents together with information telling the user what to do. The person preparing the data makes pencil or ink marks in the appropriate boxes.
17

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) (OCR)


An optical character reader can recognize characters from their shape. As with OMR light is reflected from the paper and form the ink. In OCR however the reader has to workout what the characters are.

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition.(MICR)


An MICR reader recognizes characters formed from magnetic ink
18

The Processor and Memory: Data Manipulation


The CPU is responsible for transforming raw data into processed information. The CPU consists of electronic circuits that interpret and execute program instructions, as well as communicate with the input, output, and storage devices. Memory or primary storage holds data input to the system, both before and after it is processed. It also holds the programs needed by the CPU.
19

Common Output Devices

Screens can produce lines of written or numerical data and / or color graphics displays. Printers produce printed materials under the control of a computer program.

20

There are several ways to produce output:


* * * * Text output. Graphics output. Sound output. Video output.

21

Basic Clarification of Printers


Character printers. - Prints one character at a time. Line printers Prints one line at a time. Page printers Prints one page at a time.

Basic methods of producing printouts


Impact printers:
Form characters or images by striking mechanism Such as print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon leaving an image on paper.
22

Impact printers:

conti

Dot matrix printer


This mechanism enable the print control up to the dot level on the paper, can be used to produce both text and graphics

23

NonNon-Impact printers
Form characters or images without making direct physical contact between printing mechanism and papers.

24

Laser printer
Excellent print quality and font selection. Fast printing and high quality graphics with color, high resolution Medium level noise but high cost. Primary disadvantages are expensive maintenance and the high cost of toner cartridges.

Ink-Jet printers Ink jet printers transfers characters and images to the paper by spraying a fine jet of ink.Offers nearly the quality of laser printing but not the speed, Low cost alternative for high quality printing 25

Monitor
Provide soft copy out put comes in either monochrome or color. A monochrome display a single color against a different color background Color display can show variety of colors.

Plotters
It is a specialized output device designed to produce high quality graphics in a variety of colors.

Type of plotters
Pen plotter Electrostatic plotter. Thermal plotter.

26

Storage Devices and Stored Data


Secondary Storage is Needed
Since

Memory is limited in size and is temporary (volatile).

27

28

Magnetic Storage
The operation of both disk drives and tape units is virtually the same: one records data on a flat platter coated with a magnetic material, while the other records data on a thin band of flexible plastic coated with magnetic material
29

Magnetic Disks
Metal or plastic disk coated with magnetic oxide. Types Disk Packs Hard Disks Diskettes
Disk Rotation Actuator Head The magnetic disk

Data is recorded as magnetic spots on concentric tracks


30

Diskettes
Also called floppy disks Two primary types 3 1/2" Diskette 5 1/4" Diskette 3 1/2" Diskette Double Sided / Double Density (DD): stores 720 Kbytes. Double Sided / High Density (HD): stores 1.44 Mbytes.

31

Hard Disks Set of disks, but metallic, not plastic. Usually 5 1/4" or 3 1/2" Enclosed in PC so doesn't need special environment (also called Winchester disks)
Direction of motion Disks Actuator

Heads The multi disk drive (Hard disk drive)

32

Optical Storage
Data is recorded with a laser hitting a layer of metallic material, producing tiny spots on the disk's surface. Data is read by scanning the disk with a laser, picking up reflections from the spots on a lens. CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory) Similar to audio CD media. Can hold up to 600 Mbytes of information. Slower access time than magnetic disks.

33

Write-Once, Read Many (WORM) Disks Written once by user, then becomes a read-only media.

Combined Magnetic and Optical Recording eg. Magneto-optical (MO) disks


34

Magnetic Tape Information recorded in binary form by magnetization of spots on tape coated with ferrous oxide. Inexpensive means of storing large amounts of information. Useful for operations that require sequential processing and for backing up.

35

Secondary Storage
Additional storage separate from the CPU and memory Magnetic disk - oxide-coated disk - can be a diskette or hard disk. Magnetic tape . CD-ROM, compact disc read-only memory optical storage.

36

The Complete Hardware System


Hardware devices attached to a computer are called peripheral equipment.

With personal computers, some peripherals may be built into the same physical unit. In large computer systems, the input, processing, output, and storage functions may be in separate rooms, buildings, or even separate countries.

37

Classifications of Computers

Mainframes and Supercomputers Minicomputers Personal Computers and Workstations

38

Mainframes and Supercomputers

Capable of processing large amounts of data at very high speeds Large, expensive over $1M.

39

Minicomputers
Smaller, slower and less costly than mainframes. Used by many small businesses.

Personal Computers (PCs) and Workstations

Small, inexpensive - $500 - $3000. Used for business and home use. High performance workstations are often used for scientific and engineering work. Distinction between PCs and workstations becoming hazy as PCs become more powerful.

40

Data Communications
The process of exchanging data over communications facilities. Computer networks that connect computers and their resources are becoming more widespread. A network that connects computers in one location is called a local area network (LAN).

41

Software
Packaged software for PCs usually comes on diskette or CD-ROM for installation on the hard drive. "User friendly" software can be learned with a minimum of training.

42

Application Software
Word processing / desktop publishing lets you create, edit, format, store, print text and graphics in a document. Electronic spreadsheets organize business data into rows and columns for analysis. Database management programs allow users to manage large collections of interrelated data. Graphics packages display information in visual forms: maps, charts, and visual presentations. Data communications software allows for accessing remote computers via phone lines.
43

Programming
Programs are written in a variety of programming languages. Some languages are very English-like (high level) while others are more difficult to follow (low level).

44

Computer People
The Management Information Systems (MIS), or Computing Services, or Information Services department is usually responsible for computer resources within an organization. Data entry operators prepare data for processing. Computer programmers design, write, test, implement, update, and maintain the programs that process data.

45

Systems analysts plan and design computer systems. The chief information officer (CIO) oversees the MIS department and is responsible for the technological goals and operations of the entire organization.

46

NUMBER SYSTEMS
DECIMAL SYSTEM Notice the simplicity of multiplying 12 14 by using the present system:
14

12 14 168

47

BINARY SYSTEM
The same type of positional notation is used in the binary number system as in the decimal system.
DECIMAL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 = = = = = = = = = = BINARY 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010 DECIMAL 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 = = = = = = = = = = BINARY 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 10000 10001 10010 10011 10100
48

101 = 1 23-1 + 0 23-2 + 123-3 = 1 22 + 0 21 + 1 20 =4+1=5


11.011 = 1 22-1 + 1 22-2 + 022-3 + 1 22-4 + 1 22-5 = 1 21 + 1 20 + 0 2 -1 + 1 2-2 + 1 2-3 =2+1++ =3

BINARY ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION


0+0=0 0+1=1 1+0=1 1+1=0

plus a carry

over of 1

49

BINARY SUBTRACTION 0-0=0 1-0=1 1-1=0 0-1=1


A few examples will make the procedure for binary subtraction clear;

50

Decimal 9 -5 4

Binary 1001 -101 100

Decimal 16 -3 13

Binary 10000 11 1101

BINARY MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION 00=0 01=0 11=1 10=0


51

DECIMAL 12 10 120

BINARY 1100 1010 0000 1100 0000 1100 1111000

DECIMAL BINARY 102 1100110 8 1000 816 1100110000

Here are the two examples of division: 01=0 11=1


52

DECIMAL BINARY 5 101 5 25 101 11001 101 101 101

DECIMAL 2.416 12 29.0000 24 50 48 20 12 80 72 8


p.t.o
53

BINARY 10.011010101 1100 11101.00 1100 10100 1100 10000 1100 10000 1100

54

CONVERTING DECIMAL NUMBERS TO BINARY 125 2 = 62 + remainder of 1 62 2 = 31 + remainder of 0 31 2 = 15 + remainder of 1 15 2 = 7 + remainder of 1 7 2 = 3 + remainder of 1 3 2 = 1 + remainder of 1 1 2 = 0 + remainder of 1 125 = 11111012
55

CONVERTING BINARY NUMBERS TO DECIMAL 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 = = = = = = = 64 32 16 8 4 0 1


56

conversion of decimal fractions 0.865 0.375 0.125 1 2-1 = 0.875 1 2-2 = 0.375 1 2-3 = 0.125 0.5 = 0.375 0.25 = 0.125 0.125 = 0

57

BINARY NUMBER COMPLEMENTS 11011 -10100 00111 11011 = 01100 1 00111


Carry is dropped

58

BINARY CODED DECIMAL NUMBER REPRESENTATION


BINARY CODE 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 DECIMAL DIGIT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

This is known as a binary coded decimal 8, 4, 2, 1 code or simple BCD.

59

OCTAL AND HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEMS 1213 in octal is 1 83 +2 82 + 1 81 + 3 1 80 = 512 +128 + 8 + 3 = 651 in decimal.
Eg: 111110111 = 767 octal 110110101 = 665 octal 11011 = 11 octal

60

For instance, to convert decimal 200 to an octal representation, we divide as follows:

200 25 25 3 3 0

reminder is 0 reminder is 1 reminder is 3

61

THANK YOU

62

You might also like