Industrial Ventilation

General Principles of Industrial Ventilation

What Is Industrial Ventilation?

 Environmental engineer s view:
The design and application of equipment for providing the necessary conditions for maintaining the efficiency, health and safety of the workers  Industrial hygienist s view: The control of emissions and the control of exposures  Mechanical engineer s view: The control of the environment with air flow. This can be achieved by replacement of contaminated air with clean air

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Industrial Ventilation
Objectives  To introduce the basic terms  To discuss heat control  To design ventilation systems

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Why Industrial Ventilation?

 To maintain an adequate oxygen supply in the work
area.  To control hazardous concentrations of toxic materials in the air.  To remove any undesirable odors from a given area.  To control temperature and humidity.  To remove undesirable contaminants at their source before they enter the work place air.

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Application Of Industrial Ventilation Systems

 Optimization of energy costs.  Reduction of occupational health disease claims.  Control of contaminants to acceptable levels.  Control of heat and humidity for comfort.  Prevention of fires and explosions.

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Solutions To Industrial Ventilation Problems

 Process modifications  Local exhaust ventilation  Substitution  Isolation  Administrative control  Personal protection devices  Natural ventilation

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Ventilation Design Parameters

 Manufacturing process  Exhaust air system & local extraction  Climatic requirements in building design (tightness,
plant aerodynamics, etc)  Cleanliness requirements  Ambient air conditions  Heat emissions  Terrain around the plant  Contaminant emissions  Regulations

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Source Characterization
 Location  Relative contribution of each source to the exposure  Characterization of each contributor  Characterization of ambient air  Worker interaction with emission source  Work practices

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Types Of Industrial Ventilation Systems

Supply systems Purpose:  To create a comfortable environment in the plant i.E. The HVAC system  To replace air exhausted from the plant i.E. The replacement system

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Supply Systems
Components  Air inlet section  Filters  Heating and/or cooling equipment  Fan  Ducts  Register/grills for distributing the air within the work space

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Exhaust Systems
Purpose

 An exhaust ventilation system removes the air and

airborne contaminants from the work place air  The exhaust system may exhaust the entire work area, or it may be placed at the source to remove the contaminant at its source itself

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Exhaust Systems
Types of exhaust systems:

 General exhaust system  Local exhaust system

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General Exhaust Systems

 Used for heat control in an area by introducing large
quantities of air in the area. The air may be tempered and recycled.  Used for removal of contaminants generated in an area by mixing enough outdoor air with the contaminant so that the average concentration is reduced to a safe level.

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Local Exhaust Systems(LES)

 The objective of a local exhaust system is to remove
the contaminant as it is generated at the source itself. Advantages:  More effective as compared to a general exhaust system.  The smaller exhaust flow rate results in low heating costs compared to the high flow rate required for a general exhaust system.  The smaller flow rates lead to lower costs for air cleaning equipment.
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Local Exhaust Systems(LES)

Components:  Hood  The duct system including the exhaust stack and/or re-circulation duct  Air cleaning device  Fan, which serves as an air moving device

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What is the difference between Exhaust and Supply systems?

An Exhaust ventilation system removes the air and air borne contaminants from the work place, whereas, the Supply system adds air to work room to dilute contaminants in the work place so as to lower the contaminant concentrations.

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Pressure In A Ventilation System

 Air movement in the ventilation system is a result of
differences in pressure.  In a supply system, the pressure created by the system is in addition to the atmospheric pressure in the work place.  In an exhaust system, the objective is to lower the pressure in the system below the atmospheric pressure.

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Types Of Pressures In A Ventilation Systems

Three types of pressures are of importance in ventilation work. They are:  Static pressure  Velocity pressure  Total pressure

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Why is air considered incompressible in Industrial Ventilation design problems?

The differences in pressure that exist within the ventilation system itself are small when compared to the atmospheric pressure in the room. Because of the small differences in pressure, air can be assumed to be incompressible. Since 1 lb/in2 = 27 inches of water, 1 inch = 0.036 lbs pressure or 0.24% of standard atmospheric pressure. Thus the potential error introduced due to this assumption is also negligible.

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Velocity Pressure
 It is defined as that pressure required to accelerate
air from rest to some velocity (V) and is proportional to the kinetic energy of the air stream.  VP acts in the direction of flow and is measured in the direction of flow.  VP represents kinetic energy within a system.  VP is always positive.

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Static Pressure
It is defined as the pressure in the duct that
tends to burst or collapse the duct and is expressed in inches of water gauge ( wg).  SP acts equally in all directions  SP can be negative or positive

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Static pressure can be positive or negative.Explain.

Positive static pressure results in the tendency of the air to expand. Negative static pressure results in the tendency of the air to contract. For example, take a common soda straw, and put it in your mouth. Close one end with your finger and blow very hard. You have created a positive static pressure. However, as soon as you remove your finger from the end of the straw, the air begins to move outward away from the straw. The static pressure has been transformed into velocity pressure, which is positive.

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Velocity Pressure
VELOCITY PRESSURE (VP) VP = (V/4005)2 or V = 4005 VP Where VP = velocity pressure, inches of water gauge (wg) V = flow velocity, fpm

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Total Pressure
TP = SP + VP  It can be defined as the algebraic sum of the static as well as the velocity pressures  SP represents the potential energy of a system and VP the kinetic energy of the system, the sum of which gives the total energy of the system  TP is measured in the direction of flow and can be positive or negative

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How do you measure the Pressures in a ventilation system?

The manometer, which is a simple graduated U-shaped tube open, at both ends, an inclined manometer or a Pitot tube can be used to measure Static pressure. The impact tube can be used to measure Total pressure. The measurement of Static and Total pressures using manometer and impact tube, will also indirectly result in measurement of the Velocity pressure of the system.

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Basic Definitions
Pressure

 It is defined as the force per unit area.  Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 29.92
inches of mercury or 760 mm of mercury or 14.7 lb/sq.inch.

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Basic Definitions
Air density

 It can be defined as the mass per unit volume of air,

(lbm/ft3 ). at standard atmosphere (p=14.7 psfa), room temperature (70 F) and zero water content. The value of =0.075 lbm/ft3

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Basic Definitions
Perfect Gas Equation: P = RT Where P = absolute pressure in pounds per square foot absolute (psfa). = gas density in lbm/ft3. R = gas constant for air. T = absolute temperature in degree Rankin. For any dry air situation T = ( T)std =
std(Tstd/T)

= 0.075 (460+70)/T = 0.075 (530/T)

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Basic Definitions
Volumetric Flow Rate The volume or quantity of air that flows through a given location per unit time Q=V*A or V = Q /A or A = Q/V Where Q = volume of flow rate in cfm V = average velocity in fpm A = cross-sectional area in sq.ft
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Example
The cross-sectional area of a duct is 2.75 sq.ft.The velocity of air flowing in the duct is 3600 fpm. What is the volume? From the given problem A = 2.75 sq. ft. V = 3600 fpm We know that Q=V*A Hence, Q = 3600 * 2.75 = 9900 cfm

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Basic Definitions
Reynolds number R = DV/ Where = density in lbm/ft3 D = diameter in ft V = velocity in fpm = air viscosity, lbm/s-ft

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Darcy Weisbach Friction Coefficient Equation

hf = f (L/d)VP Where hf = friction losses in a duct, wg f = friction coefficient (dimensionless) L = duct length, ft d = duct diameter, ft VP = velocity pressure, wg

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Duct Losses
Types of losses in ducts
 

Friction losses Dynamic or turbulence losses

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Duct Losses
Friction losses Factors effecting friction losses:
    

Duct velocity Duct diameter Air density Air viscosity Duct surface roughness

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Duct Losses
Dynamic losses or turbulent losses  Caused by elbows, openings, bends etc. In the flow way. The turbulence losses at the entry depends on the shape of the openings Coefficient of entry (Ce)

 For a perfect hood with no turbulence losses Ce = 1.0

I.E V = 4005ce VP = 4005 VP
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Duct Losses
Turbulence losses are given by the following expression Hl= FN*VP Where FN = decimal fraction

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Terminal Or Settling Velocity

V = 0.0052(S.G)D2 Where D = particle diameter in microns S.G = specific gravity V = settling velocity in fpm

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