Lec 5

Lecture 5
Microwave Resonators Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits Transmission Line Resonators A Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator
Microwave Techniques EE 41139 1
Microwave Resonators
microwave resonators are used in many applications filters, oscillators, frequency meters, tuned amplifiers its operations are very similar to the series and parallel RLC resonant circuits
Microwave Resonators
we will review the series and parallel RLC ciruits and discuss the implementation of the microwave resonators using distributive elements such as the microstrip line, rectangular and circular cavities, etc.
Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

consider the series RLC resonator shown below:
+ V ~ Z in
L I C
Microwave Techniques
EE 41139

the input impedance Zin is given by the average complex power delivered to the resonator is
1 * 1 1 2 1 2 Pin ! VI ! Z in I ! I R j[L j 2 2 2 [C
1 Z in ! R j[L j [C -------(1)

the average power dissipated by the resistor 1 2 is P loss ! I R 2 recall that the energy stored in the inductor 1 2 is I L 2 the time-averaged energy stored in the inductor is Wm ! 1 I 2 L
4

similarly, the time-averaged energy stored in the capacitor is
1 1 2 1 2 We ! Vc C ! I 2C 4 4 [
the input impedance can then be expressed as follows: Ploss 2j[ ( Wm W e ) -----(2) Z !
in
I
/2
7
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at resonance, the average stored magnetic and electric energies are equal, therefore, Ploss we have Z in ! !R 2 I /2 and the resonance frequency is defined as 1 [o !
LC
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the quality factor is defined as the product of the angular frequency and the ratio of the average energy stored to energy loss per second Q ! [ Wm We
Ploss
Q is a measure of loss of a resonant circuit, lower loss implies higher Q and high Q implies narrower bandwidth

at resonance We = Wm and we have
2W m [ o L 1 ! ! Q ! [ o ----(3) Ploss R [ o RC
when R decreases Q increases as R dictates the power loss
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the input impedance can be rewritten in the following form:
1 1 ) ! R j[ Z in ! R j[L j ! R j[L (1 [C [ 2 LC [2 [2 1 o j[L (1 ) ! R j [L 2 LC 2 [ [
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near by the resonance, i.e., , we can define and
2 [ 2 ! ([ [ )([ [ ) ! ([ y 2[ [ o o o
2RQ([ Z in } R j[L ! R j 2L([ ! R j [o [2 2[([
----(4)

the above form is useful for finding equivalent circuit near the resonance, for example, we can find out the resistance at resonance and so as L for practical resonators, the loss is small; therefore, we can start with the lossless case and include the effect of the loss afterward

[ oL Z in } R j2L([ ! j2L ([ [ o ) Q [ oL As Q ! R [o 1 Z in } j2L ( [ [ o ) ! j2L[[ [ o (1 j )] j2Q 2Q
Consider the equation
------(5)

From the EQ.4, Z in } j 2L([ when R = 0 for the lossless case, therefore, we can define a complex effective frequency 1 ' [ o ! [ o (1 j ) ----(6) so that,
2Q
Z in } j2L ([ [ 'o ) --- (7) to incorporate the loss


2RQ([ From EQ.4 we have Z in } R j [o
the half-power fractional bandwidth (Zin=R/ 2 ) is BW ! 2([ / [ o And therefore Q = 1/BW ---(8)
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now let us turn our attention to the parallel RLC resonator:
I + V ~ Z in

The input impedance is equal to -----(9) 1 At resonance, Z in ! R and [ o ! LC , same results as in series RLC
1 1 Z in ! j[C R j[L
1
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the quality factor, however, is different
2Wm | I L |2 L 2 | I L |2 L 2 Q ! [o ! [o ! [o 2 Ploss Ploss 4 IR R / 2 4 V / ([ oL ) 2 [ oL R Q! ! ! [ o RC ( 10 ) 2 R [ oL V / R2
2
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contrary to series RLC, the Q of the parallel RLC increases as R increases similar to series RLC, we can derive an approximate expression for parallel RLC near resonance
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Given ([ ! [ [ o
1 1 ([ / [ 1 1 ! j[ o C j([C Z in ! j[C R j[L j[ o L R 1 1 ([ 1 Z in ! j j[ o C j([C R [[ o L j[ o L
1 2LC 1 1 [o ([ j([C Z in ! j R [[ o L j[ o L
1
1
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1 ([ Z in ! j j([C R 2L [o
1
,[ } [o 1
([ 1 Z in ! j j([C R L / ( LC)
1 Z in ! j2([C R
1
R R ! Z in ! ----(11) 1 j 2([RC 1 j2Q([ / [ o

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similar to the series RLC case, the effect of the loss can be incorporated into the lossless result by defining a complex frequency equal to 1 ' [ o ! [ o (1 j ) -----(12) 2Q as in the series case, the half-power bandwidth is given by BW=1/Q --- (13)
Loaded and Unloaded Q

Q defined above is a characteristic of the resonant circuit, this will change when the circuit is connected to a load
Resonant circuit Q R
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if the load is connected with the series RLC, the resistance in the series RLC is given by R=R+RL, the corresponding quality factor QL becomes
[ oL [ oL 1 ! ! QL ! RL R R' R RL [ oL [ oL

[ oL [ oL 1 1 1 ! ,Q ! , Qe ! QL Q Qe R R L --- (13)
on the other hand, if the load is connected with the parallel RLC, we have 1/R=1/R+1/RL
1 / (1 / R 1 / R L ) R' ! QL ! [ oL [ oL
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[ oL 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! Q L 1 / (1 / R 1 / R L ) R / ( [ o L ) R L / ( [ o L ) Q Q e
[ oL 1 1 ! ! Q L 1 / (1 / R 1 / R L ) R / ( [ o L ) R L /
1 1 1 1 ! ! R / ([ oL ) R L / ([ oL ) Q Q e
-----------(14)
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Transmission Line Resonators

we discuss the use of transmission lines to realize the RLC resonator for a resonator, we are interested in Q and therefore, we need to consider lossy transmission lines
Short-Circuited P/2 Line

Consider the transmission line equation
Z L jZ o tan F' l Z in ! Z o Z o jZ L tan F' l
Zo F E l
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for the transmission line shown below:

Zin
Z in ! jZ o tan F' l
for a short-circuited line


Given F' ! F jE ,
tan( x ) ! [e jx e jx ] / ( 2 j) [e jx e jx ] / 2 [e x e x ] / 2 [e x e x ] / 2
tanh( x ) !
And tanh(jx)=jtan(x) -------(15)

Z in ! jZ o tan F' l ! Z o tanh( E jF )l

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note that tanh(A+B)=(tanh A + tanh B)/(1+ tanh A tanh B), EQ. (15) becomes tanh( El ) j tan( Fl ) Z in ! Z o 1 j tan( Fl ) tanh( El ) our goal here is to compare the above equation with either EQ. (4) or EQ. (11) so that we can find out the corresponding R, L and C

Assuming a TEM line so that F ! [ QI ! [ / v p , for l ! P / 2 ! Tv p / [ o [l [ o l ([l ([T We have Fl ! ! ! T
([T ([T ([T tan Fl ! tan( T ) ! tan( )} [o [o [o
vp
vp
vp
[o
knowing that tan H!H when H is small


note that the loss is usually very small and therefore, the input impedance can be rewritten as:
El j( ([T / [ o ) ([T Z in } Z o ! Z o ( El j ) [o 1 j( ([T / [ o )El
--------(16)
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comparing EQ. (16) and EQ. (4) where Z in } R j 2L([ ,we have
ZoT 1 2 ,C ! ! R ! Z o El , L ! 2 2[ o L[ o Z o T[ o
----------(17) at resonance, Zin = R and this will occur for l = nP/2---(18)


The quality factor is given by
[ oL T F Q! ! ! ----(19) R 2El 2E
Q increases as the attenuation decreases
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recall that the input impedance of a shortcircuited line is given by
tanh( El ) j tan(Fl ) Z in ! Z o 1 j tan(Fl ) tanh( El ) 1 j tanh( El ) cot(Fl ) Z in ! Z o tanh( El ) j cot(Fl )
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For l ! P / 4 ! Tv p / ( 2[ o ) , we have
[ o l ([l T ([T [l ! ! Fl ! 2v p 2v p 2v p 2 2[ o
T ([T ([T ([T cot Fl ! cot( ) ! tan( )} 2 2[ o 2[ o 2[ o
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The input impedance can be written as,

Zo 1 jEl( ([T / 2[ o ) Z in } Z o } El j( ([T / 2[ o ) El jT([ / ( 2[ o )
--------(20)
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comparing EQ. (16) and EQ. (11) where R Z in ! ,we have
1 j 2([RC
4Z o Zo T 1 ,C ! ,L ! ! R! ---(21) 2 El 4[ o Z o C[ o T[ o
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The quality is given by,
T F ! Q ! [ o RC ! 4El 2E
---(22)
same as short-circuited P2 line, Q increases as the attenuation decreases
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Open-Circuited P/2 Line

Consider the transmission line equation,
Z L jZ o tan F' l Z in ! Z o Z o jZ L tan F' l for the
transmission line shown below:

Zin Zo F E l

Z in ! jZ o cot F' l ! Z o coth( E jF )l
for an open-circuited line
1 j tan(Fl ) tanh( El ) Z in ! Z o tanh( El ) j tan(Fl )
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the input impedance for the open-circuited P/2 line can be rewritten as:
1 j( ([T / [ o )El Zo } Z in } Z o El j( ([T / [ o ) El j( ([T / [ o )
------(23)
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comparing EQ. (23) and EQ. (11) where
R Z in ! 1 j2([RC , we have
2Z o T 1 R ! Z o / ( El ), C ! ,L ! ! 2 T[ o 2Z o [ o C[ o
-----(24)

at resonance, Zin = R and this will occur for l = nP/2---(25) the quality factor is given by
T F Q ! [ o RC ! 2El ! 2E----(26) Q increases as the attenuation decreases, same as the short-circuited P/2 line
Coupling to Resonators
to obtain maximum power transfer between a resonator and a feed line, the resonator must be matched to the feed at the resonant frequency let us consider a series resonant circuit with the input impedance given by EQ. (4), Z in } R j2L([ ! R j 2RQ([
[o
[ oL The unload Q is given by Q ! R
and
for a matched load, R = Zo the external Qe is given by where RL = Zo for the resonator is matched to the feed at the resonant frequency, the external Qe is equal to Q, this is what we refer as critical coupling
a coupling coefficient g is defined as Q g! Q e ----(27) g < 1, undercoupled g = 1, critically coupled g > 1, overcoupled
Design of a Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator

Objectives:
to design and fabricate a P/2 open-circuited microstrip resonator with a gap coupled microstrip feed line, the resonance frequency should be close to 5 GHz.
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Design of a Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator

to investigate overcoupled, critically coupled and undercoupled resonators to use closed-form formulas for circuit design and simulations
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Designs of a P/2 Open-Circuited Microstrip Resonator
use the closed-form formulas to calculate the width of a 50; microstrip line W=4.8528 mm
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the PC board has a dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 1.575mm assume the conductor thickness is small and the loss tangent (tan H) is 0.001 obtain the effective dielectric constant
I e ! 1.8712
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from the effective dielectric constant, determine the length of the microstrip resonator at 5 GHz 21.9311mm
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Determination of the Gap-Capacitor for a Critically Coupled Resonator

calculate the total attenuation constant which includes both dielectric loss and copper loss [Q o Ec ! 2W Np/m and k o I e1 I r f tan H Np/m Ed !
2 Ir 1 Ie c
W= 5.8E+07 for copper

E c ! 0.0758, E d ! 0.0611, E c E d ! 0.1370

estimate the quality factor Q using the following formulas:
2T F Q! = 522.9229 F ! P g =143.2481 2E the coupling capacitor is then given by s where s is the gap width
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denote the thickness of the dielectric by h, s=s/w and w=w/h 0.1 < s<0.3
0.12 m e ! 0.8675, k e ! 2.043w'
0.3<s<1
m e ! 1.565 / w' 0.16 1, k e ! 1.97 0.03 / w'
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0.1<s<1
m o ! w'[ 0.619 log10 ( w' ) 0.3853], k o ! 4.26 1.453 log10 ( w' )
C e ! w ( s' ) m e e k e , C o ! w ( s' ) m o e k o
C even ! ( I r / 9.6) 0.9 C e , C odd ! ( I r / 9.6) 0.8 C o
Cp ! C even / 2, C g ! ( C odd Cp ) / 2
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the normalized input impedance seen by the feed line is
tan Fl b c [( 1 / [C) Z o cot Fl] Z z! ! j ! j Zo Zo b c tan Fl
where b c ! Z o [C is the normalized susceptance of the coupling capacitor, C resonance occurs with z = 0 or when

resonance occurs with z = 0 or when tan Fl b c ! 0 in practice, bc is small from the Matlab program, it is shown that the coupling of the feedline to the resonator has the effect of lowering its resonant frequency

to relate the resonator to a series RLC equivalent circuit, we expand z([) in a Taylor series at the resonant frequency [1
dz( [ ) . 0 z( [ ) ! z( [ 1 ) ( [ [ 1 ) d[ + [
1
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Note that z( [ 1 ) ! 0 ,
j sec 2 Fl d( Fl ) dz( [ ) ! as tan Fl b c ! 0 d[ [ b c tan Fl d[ 1
at resonance
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assume a TEM line, we have
2 j sec 2 Fl d( Fl ) j( 1 b c ) l dz( [ ) j l jT ! ! } } 2 d[ [ b c tan Fl d[ vp b 2 vp [ b 2 bc 1 c c 1
1 and l } Tv p / [ 1 , the Since b c normalized impedance can be written as

z( [ ) ! jT ( [ [ 1 )
2 [ 1b c
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to incorporate loss, we can modify [ as 1 [ 1 (1 j / 2Q ) and therefore, jT ( [ [ 1 ) z( [ ) ! 2 [ 1b c to incorporate loss, we can modify [ as 1 [ 1 (1 j / 2Q ) and therefore,
z( [ ) ! T
2 2Qb c
j
T([ [ 1 )
2 [ 1b c
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2 At resonance, R ! Z o T / ( 2Qb c ) and for critical coupling R = Zo
bc C gap ! [Z o = 0.03489pF where
bc !
T = 0.0548 2Q
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compute the resonance frequency when the microstrip resonator is excited by a gap-coupled microstrip line of 50; by solving the transcendental equation tan( Fl ) b c ! 0 ; this resonance frequency should be slightly less than 5 GHz
computed resonant frequency is 4.9143 GHz

Realization of the Series Gap Capacitance

compute the series gap capacitance for a given separation between the microstrip feed line and the microstrip resonator determine the gap separation required to realize the series gap capacitance
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the gap is modeled by a series capacitance and two shunt capacitances the shunt capacitances are at least an order of magnitude smaller than the series capacitance and therefore, are neglected

shunt capacitance = 0.0022pF, series capacitance = 0.0349 pF gap separation = 1.4 mm

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Fabrication of a P/2 Open-Circuited Microstrip Resonator with a GapCoupled Microstrip Feed Line
fabricate the P/2 microstrip resonator according to the specifications found in Step1
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Fabrication of a P/2 Open-Circuited Microstrip Resonator with a GapCoupled Microstrip Feed Line attach one SMA connector from the side as shown below:
copper tape SMA connector dielectric with a ground plane
copper tape
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Fabrication of a P/2 Open-Circuited Microstrip Resonator with a GapCoupled Microstrip Feed Line
the separation between the resonator and the feed line is obtained in Step 3 ideally, the resonator is critically coupled
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Testing of the Gap-Coupled Resonator
do one-port S11 calibration and measure |S11| from 1 to 8 GHz

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find the resonance frequency, the 3dB bandwidth and Q note that Q is different from the one in Step 2, explain why
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Repeat Step 5 Using a Larger Gap Separation

repeat step 5 using a larger gap separation determine the capacitance using Step 3 measure S11 using a Smith Chart is this an overcoupled resonator or an undercoupled resonator?
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Lecture 5

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

 when R decreases Q increases as R dictates the power loss

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

1 1 ) ! R  j[ Z in ! R  j[L  j ! R  j[L (1  [C [ 2 LC [2 [2 1 o  j[L (1  ) ! R  j [L 2 LC 2 [ [

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

 Consider the equation

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Z in } j2L ([  [ 'o ) --- (7) to incorporate the loss

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

R R ! Z in ! ----(11) 1  j 2([RC 1  j2Q([ / [ o

Series and Parallel RLC Circuits

Loaded and Unloaded Q

Loaded and Unloaded Q

Loaded and Unloaded Q

Loaded and Unloaded Q

Transmission Line Resonators

Short-Circuited P/2 Line

for the transmission line shown below:

Short-Circuited P/2 Line

 And tanh(jx)=jtan(x)  -------(15)

Z in ! jZ o tan F' l ! Z o tanh( E  jF )l

Short-Circuited P/2 Line

Short-Circuited P/2 Line

 knowing that tan H!H when H is small

Short-Circuited P/2 Line

Short-Circuited P/2 Line

 ----------(17)  at resonance, Zin = R and this will occur for l = nP/2---(18)

Short-Circuited P/2 Line

 Q increases as the attenuation decreases

Short-Circuited P/4 Line

Short-Circuited P/4 Line

Short-Circuited P/4 Line

 The input impedance can be written as,

Short-Circuited P/4 Line

Short-Circuited P/4 Line

 same as short-circuited P2 line, Q increases as the attenuation decreases

Open-Circuited P/2 Line

transmission line shown below:

Open-Circuited P/2 Line

Open-Circuited P/2 Line

Open-Circuited P/2 Line

Open-Circuited P/2 Line

Design of a Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator

Design of a Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator

Designs of a P/2 Open-Circuited Microstrip Resonator

Designs of a P/2 Open-Circuited Microstrip Resonator

Designs of a P/2 Open-Circuited Microstrip Resonator

when R decreases Q increases as R dictates the power loss

1 1 ) ! R j[ Z in ! R j[L j ! R j[L (1 [C [ 2 LC [2 [2 1 o j[L (1 ) ! R j [L 2 LC 2 [ [

Consider the equation

Z in } j2L ([ [ 'o ) --- (7) to incorporate the loss

R R ! Z in ! ----(11) 1 j 2([RC 1 j2Q([ / [ o

And tanh(jx)=jtan(x) -------(15)

Z in ! jZ o tan F' l ! Z o tanh( E jF )l

knowing that tan H!H when H is small

----------(17) at resonance, Zin = R and this will occur for l = nP/2---(18)

Q increases as the attenuation decreases

The input impedance can be written as,

same as short-circuited P2 line, Q increases as the attenuation decreases

W= 5.8E+07 for copper

1 and l } Tv p / [ 1 , the Since b c normalized impedance can be written as

bc C gap ! [Z o = 0.03489pF where

computed resonant frequency is 4.9143 GHz

do one-port S11 calibration and measure |S11| from 1 to 8 GHz