Network Essential Revised

Intro to Computer Networking
ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre
NETWORK ESSENTIALS TERMINOLOGY
NETWORK CONCEPTS AND COMPONENTS NETWORK MODELS
NETWORK SERVICES
NETWORK CONCEPTS & COMPONENTS CONCEPTS

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN) WIDER AREA NETWORK (WAN)
NETWORK CONCEPTS & COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

NETWORK INTERFACE CARD
CABLE
REPEATER HUB SWITCH ROUTER
CONCEPTS
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): LAN is a simplest form of network.
It connect the system in a single location. By using cables or wireless medium. We will use a LAN within a building or to connect buildings within 500 mts.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LANs)
CONCEPTS
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN): A MAN is advance version LAN. It covers a group nearby building within
20kms
We will use to connect the system by using
fiber optic cables or wireless.

Metropolitan-Area Network (MANs)
CONCEPTS
WIDER AREA NETWORK (WAN): A WAN is used to connect the multiple of MAN. We will connect the network with the help of ISP (Internet Service Provider). There are two types of WAN
ENTERPRISE. GLOBAL.
CONCEPTS
ENTERPRISE : It is nothing but connecting computers between different geographical location in a single enterprises.
GLOBAL : Connecting computers globally through internet.
COMPONENTS
NETWORK INTERFACE CARD : Network interface card is used to connect the system to the network by using the cables. Each network card has unique address known as Media Access Control (MAC) address. This address is 48-bit address first 24-bit is refers organization unit ID and last 24-bit address for particular card ID.
COMPONENTS
CABLE : It is used to communicate the system to system are device to system. There are different types of cables.
COAXIAL CABLE. TWISTED PAIR CABLE. FIBER-OPTIC CABLE.
COMPONENTS
COAXIAL CABLE: The coaxial cable are used to transfer the data. It have finite bandwidth. Bandwidth is nothing but the amount of data that can be transferred in fixed amount of time. There two different types : THINNET. THICKNET.
COMPONENTS
THINNET : Thin net cable is 0.25 inches of thick. Thin net can carry a signal up to 185 meter. And it supports 30 workstation per segment. A part of the segment will connect through bridge, switch and router.
COMPONENTS
THICKNET : Thick net cable is 0.5 inches of thick. Thick net cable transfer the signal up to 500 meter. And it supports 100 computer per network segment.
COMPONENTS
CABLING COAXIAL LINES
TERMINATOR
T-CONNECTOR
BNC CONNECTOR
COMPONENTS
TWISTED PAIR CABLE: Twisted pair cable consist of 22- or 24-gauge of copper wires twisted around each other.This cables are used in standard phone lines. There are two types: Unshielded Twisted Pair cable (UTP). Shielded Twisted Pair cable (STP).
COMPONENTS
UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE : This cable contain 2-4 pair of twisted cables. The transmission range is 10Mbps to 1Gbps. The computers separated by more than 1kilometer. In this cable there is different category.
Cat 1: It is used in Telephone lines Cat 2: It is used in network with low speed (4Mbps) Cat 3: It is used in network with high speed (16Mbps) Cat 4: It is used to transfer the data in longer distance the speed is 20Mbps.
COMPONENTS
Cat 5: It is used for high speed data transmission up to 1Gbps. Cat 5e:It is used transfer the data extremely high speed above 1Gbps. Cat 6: This type the performance is high compare to other the transmission range is 1-200Mhz speed is above 1Gbps.
COMPONENTS
SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE : This cable support transmission up to 100Mbps. This is costlier than unshielded twisted pair cable. It overcomes the electrical interference.
COMPONENTS
CABLING TWISTED PAIR LINES: In twisted pair cables there are different types of cabling are there. Straight through cabling Cross over cabling Roll over cabling
COMPONENTS
STRAIGHT THROUGH CABLING :
Server/Router Hub/Switch
COMPONENTS
CROSS OVER CABLING
Hub/Switch
Hub/Switch
Crossover 13 26
Making Cables
Cat5 Patch Chords
RJ45 connectors 8 wires (4 pairs) Twisted for interference
Make your own patch cords Cuts and strips pairs RJ45 end crimped onto ends of wire
COMPONENTS
FIBER-OPTIC CABLE : This cable contain light conducting glass strand at the center. It will carries the data in the form of light. The glass strand is enclosed with cladding to reflect the light rays. This fiber optic cables are required skillful handling. There are two types : Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) Multimode Fiber (MMF)
COMPONENTS
SINGLE-MODE FIBER : It had very small core diameter up to 10 microns. It transmit the signal in the form of light. It requires a light source of a narrow width. It support segment length of 10,000 meters. The data transmission rate is 1Gbps
COMPONENTS
MULTIMODE FIBER: It had a core diameter 50-100 microns. It had several modes of light to transfer the data. The light waves are dispersed into numerous paths. It support segment length of 10,000 meters. The transmission rate is 10-100 Mbps.
COMPONENTS
CABLING FIBER OPTIC LINES
Ends are either SC or ST Connects switches & fast backbones
REPEATER
REPEATER : A repeater unit can be used to extend an existing bus segment by providing one or more sub segments.
HUB
HUB : Hub is the device is use to connect and communicate all the system with each other.
HUB
It increases the distance that can be spanned by the LAN (up to 100 meters per segment).
Bandwidth is shared by all hosts i.e. 10Mbs shared by 25 ports/users. Hubs can also be connected locally to a maximum of two other hubs.
HUB
WORKING PRINCIPAL OF HUB: Active hubs regenerated signals. Hubs utilise star topology. Hub just broadcast the packet.
BRIDGES
Mono-lingual border guard Manages traffic between two networks by reading packet destination address Address tables Passes along broadcasts Cant hide devices Link fast local network to slower long-distance network
SWITCH
Same function as a hub Divides network into segments Each port gets dedicated bandwidth 10Mbs & 100Mbs Learns addresses RTMP & Spanning Tree Reduces collisions and allows parallel traffic
COMPONENTS
ROUTER
Multilingual border guard Reads packet addressing and directs data Discards frame, repackages & retransmits data May not pass all packets Hide devices Chooses most efficient route
ROUTER
NETWORK MODELS
NETWORK MODELS : Network models are categorized into two types. Peer to peer model. Client/Server model.
NETWORK MODELS
PEER TO PEER model : In this model all the system had a equal rights. In this model all the computer will able send request and receive the response. In this model there is no need of server level security.
NETWORK MODELS
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK : In this model several computers are connected to a server. In this model the computer request the service and server will response for that service. All the data will save in the server only. A grouping of client server model is called as DOMAIN model.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
TOPLOGIES : A network topologies enables you to create an efficient,reliable,and cost-effective network.A topology is a pictorial representation of the layout os a network. There are different types of network topologies : BUS STAR MESH RING HYBRID
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
BUS : All the hosts are connected in a central cable.That cable is called as bus.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
ADVANTAGE OF BUS :
very simple to implement Inexpensive.

DISADVANTAGE OF BUS :
require proper termination Difficult to troubleshoot
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
STAR : All computers are connected to a switch or hub.All data passes through this device before reaching its destination.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
ADVANTAGE OF STAR: Relatively easy troubleshooting No termination required No disruption of LAN when removing or adding nodes. DIS ADVANTAGE OF STAR: lot of wiring involved Network component is single point of failure.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
MESH : All the computers are connected through many redundant interconnection between network nodes.All node has a connection to every other node on the network.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
ADVANTAGE OF MESH : Redundancy.
DISADVANTAGE OF MESH : Cost
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
RING : All the computers are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
ADVANTAGE OF RING : Token controlled access provides greater overall bandwidth use. DISADVANTAGE OF RING : Ring adapters are hard to find and expensive.
HYBRID : The most basic one for hybrid is tree, hierarchical star, and star wireless.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
TREE: Combination of star and bus ADVANTAGE : - Inexpensive - Each star can have its own admin DISADVANTAGE: - If there was a problem with the backbone bus cable the network is segmented into individual hubs
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
HIERARCHICAL STAR : Uses central hub to link several hubs that have workstations attached ADVANTAGE : Can build very large LANs DISADVANTAGE : Timing issues Address space
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
STAR WIRELESS : Requires the user to be in vicinity of an access point wired to a star network ADVANTAGE : Mobility DISADVANTAGE : Security risk because of new technology
NETWORK SERVICES
NETWORK SERVICES : There are different types of network services. Network File Service. Network Print Service. Network Message Service. Network Application Service. Network Database Service.
NETWORK SERVICES
NETWORK FILE SERVICE : Enable you to move files from place to place. Allow you to back up critical data. Help you use storage hardware efficiently. Help you manage multiple copies of the same file.
NETWORK SERVICES
NETWORK PRINT SERVICE : Accept print job requests. Interpret print job formats and configurations. Manage print queues. Interact with network printers.
NETWORK SERVICES
NETWORK MESSAGE SERVICES : Help you exchange computer generated notes and files. Enable you to integrate email and voice mail systems. Allow you to route and share data using work flow applications.
NETWORK SERVICES
NETWORK APPLICATION SERVICES : Enable you to coordinate hardware and software to run applications. Allow you to increase the performance capabilities of hardware without upgrading the computers on a network.
NETWORK SERVICES
NETWORK DATABASE SERVICES : Enable you to optimize the computers that store, search and retrieve records from a database. Allow you to control data storage geographically. Enable you to organize data logically.
NETWORK STANDARDS
OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT (OSI)

TCP/IP
OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT

The OSI is an ISO standard for network communication. It defines a framework to communicate on the network. The framework classified into seven layers. The layers are define the network tasks into logical groups.
SEVEN LAYERS OSI MODEL
DATA TRANSMISSION
PACKET DATA UNIT

PHYSICAL LAYER : It establish the physical connection (eg : wires, connectors, data rates). DATALINK LAYER : It provides connectivity between two host and physical address. NETWORK LAYER : It maintenance physical addressing, network topology, and data flow control.

TRANSPORT LAYER: It ensures whether your network is connection oriented or connectionless oriented. SESSION LAYER: It establishes the communication link two hosts. PRESENTATION LAYER: The compression of data are carried out out by the presentation layer. APPLICATION LAYER: The application layer is used when data is entered into application.
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP MODEL
Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control.
TCP/IP MODEL
Five basic services Ensuring data reliability Providing flow control Segmenting upper-layer application data Establishing end-to-end operations Sending segments from one end host to another end host
TCP/IP MODEL
TCP/IP MODEL
To make a physical link to the network media. It the LAN and WAN technology details The details contained in the OSI physical and data link layers.
IP ADDRESS
IP addresses are not same as the MAC addresses. We need to map IP addresses into MAC (physical) addresses Destination host Next hop router We can then encapsulate IP datagrams inside a frame Possible mapping techniques.
IP ADDRESS.
IP is a network layer - it must be capable of providing communication between hosts on different kinds of networks (different data-link implementations). The address must include information about what network the receiving host is on. This makes routing feasible.
IP ADDRESS
IP addresses are logical addresses (not physical) Includes a network ID and a host ID. Every host must have a unique IP address.
IP addresses are assigned by a central authority

(American Registry for Internet Numbers)
IP ADDRESS
An IP address is a 32-bit sequence of 1s and 0s. To make the IP address easier to use, the address is usually written as four decimal numbers separated by periods. This way of writing the address is called the dotted decimal format.
IP ADDRESS
A Network ID is assigned to an organization by a global authority.
Host IDs are assigned locally by a system

administrator. Both the Network ID and the Host ID are used for routing.
IP ADDRESS
Certain host addresses are reserved and cannot be assigned to devices on a network. An IP address that has binary 0s in all host bit positions is reserved for the network address. An IP address that has binary 1s in all host bit positions is reserved for the broadcast address.
Subnet Mask Address

Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field. Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask:
1. Express the sub network IP address in binary form. 2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all 1s. 3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s. 4. Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal notation.
Subnet Mask Address

To determine the number of bits to be used, the network designer needs to calculate how many hosts the largest subnetwork requires and the number of subnetworks needed.
PRIVATE IP ADDRESS
No two machines that connect to a public network can have the same IP address because public IP addresses are global and standardized Private IP addresses are a solution to the problem of the exhaustion of public IP addresses. Addresses that fall within these ranges are not routed on the Internet backbone:
WLANs
Wireless networks come in three major modes: Ad hoc Infrastructure Hybrid.
Ad hoc
Ad hoc mode refers to a wireless peer-to-peer network: that is, a network in which each device (usually a PC) connects via wireless radio to every other PC directly. The primary technical distinction between ad hoc and infrastructure networks is that infrastructure networks use an access point, while ad hoc networks do not. you connect each PC as you require it, but in a completely non-centralized way.
Ad hoc
Infrastructure
Infrastructure mode refers to a wireless network controlled through a wireless access point that generates the signals for the individual devices to read through their wireless network adapters.
The access point acts as a central traffic cop for the signals, and because you place it physically for the best possible reception, it provides more reliable connectivity than ad hoc networks.
Hybrid mode
Hybrid mode consists of a combination of ad hoc and infrastructure networks. In this mode, you create an infrastructure network, and you then create ad hoc networks among the devices connected to the infrastructure. Hybrid mode maximizes the bandwidth of a wireless network by relieving the access point of the need to handle all traffic; instead, PCs transmit data to one another when possible, leaving the access point free to relay data to and from the wired LAN and to other access Training Centre points. ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking
Hybrid mode

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Network Essential Revised

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Intro to Computer Networking

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

NETWORK ESSENTIALS TERMINOLOGY

NETWORK CONCEPTS AND COMPONENTS NETWORK MODELS

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

NETWORK CONCEPTS & COMPONENTS CONCEPTS

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

NETWORK CONCEPTS & COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LANs)

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

fiber optic cables or wireless.

Metropolitan-Area Network (MANs)

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

Cat5 Patch Chords

RJ45 connectors 8 wires (4 pairs) Twisted for interference

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

Ends are either SC or ST Connects switches & fast backbones

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

very simple to implement Inexpensive.

require proper termination Difficult to troubleshoot

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

DISADVANTAGE OF MESH : Cost

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre

ADVANTAGE PRO Chennais Premier Networking Training Centre