Bluetooth

By Kanade D G Click to edit Master subtitle style

3/17/12

What is Bluetooth?

A cable-replacement technology that can be used to connect almost any device to any other device Radio interface enabling electronic devices to communicate wirelessly via short range (10 meters) ad-hoc radio connections. A Bluetooth-enabled device communicates with another Bluetooth-enabled device over the radio medium to exchange information or transfer data.
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About.

Harald Bluetooth : 10th century Danish King, managed to unite Denmark and Norway.

Developed in 1994 by the Swedish company Ericsson

to enable laptops make calls over mobile phones

Also known as 802.15, it employs the 2.4 GHz

unlicensed band, the same as 802.11b 3/17/12 wireless, but

Salient Features of Bluetooth

Low cost technology

Power consumption is also very low.

Uses ISM frequency band

No approval required for using it.

It caters to short range Based on open standard

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Applications

PC Laptop Digital Camera PDA Mobile Phone Pager Mp3 Player Headset Keyboard

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Bluetooth System Specification

Frequency of operation:

Bluetooth devices operate in the ISM band in the frequency range 2400 MHz to 2483.5MHz.

Total 79 channels. Each packet is sent in different channel.

Uses frequency hopping

Nominal frequency hope rate is 1600 per second. radio design becomes complex,

Though 3/17/12

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Operating Range:

Three classes of devices are defined in Bluetooth specifications

Class 1:-Transmits 100 mW and range is 100 mtrs. Class 2:-Transmits 10 mW and range is 50 mtrs. Class 3:-Transmits 1 mW and range is 10 mtrs.

Most of the commercially available devices transmits 1 milliwatt and hence a range of 10 meters. 3/17/12

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Services supported:

Both voice and data services supported by Bluetooth devices. Voice:-Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO)

Circuit switching operation

Data:-Asynchronous Connection Less (ACL)

Packet switching operation

Two types of voice coding are defined in specifications

based on G.711 std. at 64 Kbps

PCM 3/17/12

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..) Services supported(continued..):

For data services

Receiving device acknowledges or reports Packets received in error retransmitted. No acknowledgement in Broadcast mode

Data rates:

Support three synchronous voice channels and one asynchronous data channel.

For voice communication 64 Kbps data rates in both directions For asynchronous links two types of channel

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Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Network Topology :

Piconet:- A set of devices form a PAN called Piconet

One master and one or more slave Any device can be master or slave Each Piconet has one master and up to 7 simultaneous slaves

Master : device that initiates a data exchange. Slave : device that responds to the master

P S M

S 3/17/12 B P

S B S

S=Slave M=Master SB=Standby P=Parked

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Piconet:

In addition to active slave devices, Piconet can contain many slaves that are in parked mode. These parked devices are synchronized but they are not active on channel. The communication between Master and Slave uses Time Division Duplex(TDD). Piconet with one Master and one Slave uses point-to-point communication.

Piconet with one Master and multiple 3/17/12 Slaves uses point-to-multipoint

Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Scatternet:

Scatternet is formed by number of Piconets In this Scatternet , each Piconet will have a Master and number of Slaves. The Master of Piconet can be Slave of another Piconet
P S S B M P S S B S S P M S S B

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Bluetooth System Specification(Continued..)

Communication and Slave:

Between

Master

The Master and Slave communicate in the form of Packets. Each Packet is transmitted in the Time-slot. Each Time-slot is of 625 microseconds duration. These Time-slots are numbered 1. Master:-Transmits in even slots :-sends packets in odd numbered 0-to-227-

3/17/12 Slave

Connection Establishment States

Maste r Slave Stand by Inquir y (1) ID packet (Broadcast) Inquir y sc an Stand by (2) FHS packet Pa ge
(3) P ag ing ID

Inquir respons y e
packe t

Pa sc ge an Maste respons r e (4) ID packet

(5) F HS p ac ket

Slav respons e e

(6) ID packet Connection (7) ID packet Connection

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Connection Establishment States (Continued)

The two major states are STANDBY- not part of a Piconet and CONNECTION device is part of a Piconet. To form a Piconet the master transmits an ID packet over 32 of the 79 channels. Devices in the STANDBY state periodically scan for this packet. If it hears it, the device sends its address and timing info to the master. The device then waits for the master to 3/17/12 page it.

Connection Establishment States (Continued)

It pages each device with its own device access code (DAC) using a frequency hopping sequence based on the slaves address. When the slave hears this it sends a confirmation packet. On the next slot the master sends the slave the master DAC. The slave then enters the CONNECTION state.
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Connection Establishment States (Continued.)

The connection can be put in one of the state

Hold Mode

In this mode the device will stop receiving the data traffic for a specific amount of time so that other devices in the Piconet can use channel. After the expiry of the specific time the will start listening again.

Sniff Mode

In the sniff mode slave is instructed to listens only S slots every T slots for a period of N slots and not all packets.

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Park Mode

Bluetooth Addressing

Each Bluetooth module is given 48 bit address containing three fields

LAP(Lower Addrs Part):-24 bits UAP(Upper Addrs Part):-8 bits Non-significance Addrs. Part:-16 bits

This Address is assigned by each manufacturer and consists of company ID and company assigned number. This address is unique to every Bluetooth

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Bluetooth Addressing( Continued)

Each active member in the Piconet will have a 3 bit address. Parked members also need to have addresses so that master can make them active and exchange packets. Parked member address is either BD_ADDR(48 Bits) or PM_ADDR(8Bits).
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Bluetooth Addressing( Continued)

BD_ADDR 48 bit Bluetooth device address (IEEE802 standard). It is divided into LAP (Lower Address Part of 24 bits), UAP (Upper Address Part of 8 bits) and NAP (Non-significant Address Part of 16 bits). 3 bit active member address. The all zero AM_ADDR is for broadcast messages

AM_ADDR

PM_ADDR

8-bit member address that is assigned to parked slaves.

AR_ADDR

The access request address is used by the parked slave to determine the slave-to-master half slot in the access window it is allowed to send access messages.

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Bluetooth Profiles

For interoperatibility between devices manufactured by different vendors,

Bluetooth SIG released Bluetooth Profiles which defines the precise characteristics and protocols supported by these devices.

Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) 3/17/12

Bluetooth Profiles(Continued)

Hands-Free Profile (HFP) Human Interface Device Profile (HID) Headset Profile (HSP) Intercom Profile (IP) LAN Access Profile (LAP) Object Push Profile (OPP) Personal Area Networking Profile (PAN) SIM Access Profile (SAP)
3/17/12 Service Discovery Application Profile

Bluetooth Protocol Architecture

SDP RFCOMM TCS Audio

LMP

L2CAP

Voice

ACL

SCO

Baseband and RF
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Baseband and RF

Establishes Links between devices

ACL for data SCO for voice

Addressing and managing different states of Bluetooth devices. RF portion provides radio interface.
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Link Manager Protocol(LMP)

LMP is used to set up and control links The three layers RF, Link controller, Link manager will be on Bluetooth module attached to the device. The link manager on one device exchange messages with link manager on the other. Link messages have higher priority compared to data and not sent to 3/17/12

Functions of LMP

Authentication

Challenge -Response Scheme

Encryption Clock offset request

Used for synchronization

Timing accuracy information request

Used for synchronization

LMP version
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LMP version number exchanged:-VersNr, CompId and Sub-VersNr

Functions of LMP(continued)

Hold mode

Power saving when there is no data to send

Park mode

Synchronized with master but no data exchange

Power Control

Request to increase or decrease power ,specially class 1 devices

Quality of service parameters exchange

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No. of repetition of broadcast packets, delay &

Logical Link Control and Adaption Protocol (L2CAP)

Runs above baseband and carries out data link layer functionality. L2CAP is only for ACL Data packets can be up to 64 Kbytes long. L2CAP protocol runs on hosts such as laptops , cellular phone or other wireless device. When L2CAP messages are exchanged between two devices, it assumes that 3/17/12

L2CAP (Continued)

Functions of L2CAP

Protocol multiplexing

Passing packet received by L2CAP to higher layers

Segmentation and reassembly

Larger baseband packets need to be segmented in to small

Quality of service

L2CAP sends connection request and QoS request message from application programs thru higher layers. Receives responses for these request from lower layers

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Service Discovery protocol

Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)

It provides the Bluetooth environment the capability to create ad hoc networks. This protocol is used for discovering the services offered by device.
A device can search for the service needed by it in the Piconet Can discover service based on a class of services Browsing of services of new services when device enters in

SDP Services:

Discovery 3/17/12

SDP Services (Continued) SDP Services:

The details of services such as classes of services and the attributes of services To discover services on another device without consulting third device.

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SDP Services (Continued)

Procedure :

SDP client and server exchange SDP messages.

SDP client sends SDP request to server thru application software. Server and client can be any two devices

Server is the device which can provide the service being requested. Server maintains list of service records Each record is identified by 32 bit number

Service record will have number of attributes

Service class Id protocol description list

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Procedure for Obtaining Service

Procedure for obtaining service:Service search response Response

Service attribute Request , Protocol descriptor list

Laptop(Client) Service Search Printer(Server) ervices are Request S print ided Two prov ID Print Service class
is rvice Se print ipt stScr provided Po

Print Command 3/17/12

Asking for the details of service

Print Desired Document

RFCOMM

RFCOMM is transport protocol to emulate serial communication (RS 232 serial port) over L2CAP. Through RFCOMM, two devices can communicate using serial communication protocol over Bluetooth.

Uses 9 signals of RS-232.

RFCOMM is derived from the GSM Support two types of devices

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Telephony Control Protocol Specifications (TCS)

SCO links are not handled by L2CAP But L2CAP handles the signaling required to establish voice connections thru TCS. Based on ITU std. Q.931 TCS messages are exchanged between devices to establish and release connection. Provides supplementary services such as 3/17/12 calling line identification

TCS

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Host Control Interface (HCI)

Used to Bluetooth enable laptop or PC

by connecting small device to USB port of laptop and run protocol stack on laptop(called host).

The Host Control interface provides std. interface between Bluetooth module and host software. Then Bluetooth device will have two parts
3/17/12 A

module implementing the lower layers(LMP

Baseband Packets

The Bluetooth general packet format is comprised of three parts: Access Code, Header, and Payload
Access Code Header Pay Load

LSB

72 bits

54 bits

0-2745 bits MSB

Access Code
Can be 68 or 72 bits wide, depending on whether a packet header follows or Word not Preamble Sync Trailer Used for synchronization, DC offset compensation, and LSB identification 64 bits 4 bits MSB 3/17/12 4 bits

Baseband Packets

There are three categories of Access Codes:

Channel Access Code (CAC): Defines a piconet Device Access Code (DAC): Used for paging Inquiry Access Code (IAC): There are two variations General (GIAC) and Dedicated (DIAC), the latter is used only in identifying Bluetooth devices sharing a common characteristic

Payload data is dependent on the Bluetooth application (voice, data, ) The Packet Header consists Link Control (LC) AM_AD Type FLO HEC and is comprised of 6 fields:

DR 3/17/12
LSB

ARQ SEQ
1

Baseband Packets
The 6 fields are as follows: AM_ADDR is a 3-bit active member address used to distinguish between the active members of a Piconet Type is a 4-bit type code used to distinguish between one of 16 different packet types, such as ID Packet, POLL packet, or NULL Packet. Flow is a bit used for flow control over ACL. When the receiver buffer is full, a STOP indication is returned by means of FLOW = 0 to 3/17/12

Baseband Packets

ARQN is the acknowledgement bit for CRCed packets

SEQN provided sequencing for multiple data packets HEC is the Header Error Check used to verify header integrity

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Thank You

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