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CHILD ADULT DEVELOPMENT

A summary

STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT


1. Germinal (Fertilization 2 weeks) - rapid cell division - increasing complexity and differentiation - implantation in the wall of the uterus
Embryonic (2 8 weeks) - rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs (1 st : central nervous system, 2 nd : heart) Fetal (8 weeks birth) - increased detail of body parts - greatly enlarge body size

2.

3.

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES MATERNAL FACTORS

a.
b.

Nutrition (300 500 additional calories; >= 11.8 kgs)


Physical Activity (moderate exercises)

c.

Drug Intake - medical drugs - alcohol - nicotine (miscarriages, infant death, low birth weight, long term cognitive & behavioral problems) - illegal drugs (premature, less alert, slow psychomotor, cancer risk, etc)

d. AIDS e. Maternal Illnesses (thyroid deficiencies, sexually transmitted diseases, rubella, toxoplasmosis, diabetes) f. Maternal Age (>= 35, and = adolescence)
g. Outside Environmental Hazards (Chemical, radiation, extremes heat and humidity)

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES: PATERNAL FACTORS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Illegal drugs Tobacco (genetic abnormalities, low birth weight, cancer risks) Lead (premature, low birth weight) Large amount of alcohol Radiation (slow fetal growth, low birth weight) Certain pesticides (abnomal sperms) Low in Vitamin C (birth defects, certain cancer) Paternal age (down syndrome, deformities of the head and limbs, dwarfism)

0 3 YEARS (INFANT TODDLERHOOD)

1.

Size and appearance - weight : 2.5 4.5 kgs - length : 45.5 cm 56 cm 2. Body System - anoxia (lack of oxygen, >= 5 minutes without O2) - meconium (fetal waste matter during first few days after birth) - neonatal jaundice (skin, eyeballs look yellow immaturity of liver) 3. State of Arousal (cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity) - newborn babies sleep about 16 hours - wake up 2 or 3 hours feeding 4. Apgar scale (0 , 1, 2) - Appearance (color) - Pulse - Grimace (reflex irritability) coughing, sneezing, crying - Activity (muscle tone) - Respiration crying

PHYSICAL GROWTH

Grow faster during the first 3 years By 1 year old = 3 x birth weight and 25 cms/
By 2 nd year + 2.3 kgs and 12.5 cms By 3 rd year + 1.6 kgs/girls 0.45 kg and 7.62 cms/girls 2.5 cm Brain and Reflex Behavior Early Sensory capacities (Touch & pain, smell & taste, hearing, sight) Motor Development Denver Developmental Screening Test)

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

- Testing infant and toddlers (Bayley Scales of Infant Development) (Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment) (SES, Parenting Practices & IQ)
Piagetian Approach (6 sub stages of Sensory Motor) Language Development

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Emotion (facial expression, body movement, motor activity) Temperament (style of approaching & reacting to situations) Familys Role in Social Experiences Impact on parental employment
Developmental issue in Infancy - developing trust - developing attachment - stranger and separation anxiety - Social Referencing (understanding ambiguous situation by seeking out another persons perception of it)

Developmental Issue in Toddlerhood:


Emerging sense of self self concept Development of Autonomy Socialization (habits, skills, values, motives) and Internalization Contact with other children (siblings, non siblings)

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