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By Sumaiya Khan (M.E.

Sem II)

What Is Is Artificial Intelligence? What Artificial Intelligence?


Major Application Areas of AI Cognitive Science Application

Natural Interface Application

Summary

What is AI?
AI is a field of science and Goal is to develop the AI emphasizes on technology based onthink, computers thatof disciplines development can such hear, walk, talk, and see, as computer science, computer function biology, psychology, linguistics, feel. normally associated with human & engineering. mathematics, intelligence reasoning, learning, problem solving. AI attempts to duplicate capabilities in computer-based system.

What Is Artificial Intelligence?

Major Application Areas AI Major Application Areas ofof AI Cognitive Science Application

Natural Interface Application

Summary

Major Application Areas of AI


Cognitive science

Robotics

Natural interfaces

Major Application Areas of AI


Focuses on researching how the human brain works & how humans think and learn. Applications Expert systems Adaptive learning systems Fuzzy logic systems Neural networks Intelligent agents
Cognitive science

Major Application Areas of AI


Produces robot machines with computer intelligence and computer controlled, humanlike physical capabilities. Application: Visual Perception Locomotion Navigation Dexterity Tactility

Robotics

Major Application Areas of AI


Natural language and speech recognition. Talking to a computer and having it understand. Application: Virtual Reality Natural Languages Speech Recognition

Natural interfaces

What Is Artificial Intelligence?

Major Application Areas of AI Cognitive Science Application Cognitive Science Application Natural Interface Application

Summary

Cognitive Science Application


Computing systems modeled after the brains mesh-like network of interconnected processing elements, called neurons. NN can be implemented on microcomputers and on other traditional computer systems by using software packages that simulate the activity of neural network. The neural network learns from data it processes.
Focuses on researching how the human brain works & how humans think and learn.

Neural Network

Neural Nets at Go.com

It has a targeted marketing service that more closely targets advertising on its Internet search engine to users interests by keeping track of every search that a user makes. The service uses neural network technology from Aptex Software to observe all the searches users run every time they use the Go.com search engine. The neural net software then calculates a numerical value, or vector, that describe users interests. Go.com uses that information to match users to the online ads it sells to advertisers on its Web search pages.

Cognitive Science Application


A method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. Allows for approximate values and inferences (fuzzy logic) Allows for incomplete or ambiguous data(fuzzy data) instead of relying on crisp data such as yes/no choice. Allows fuzzy systems to process incomplete data and provide approximate, but acceptable, solutions to problems.
Focuses on researching how the human brain works & how humans think and learn.

Fuzzy Logic Systems

Fuzzy Logic in Business Japan has implemented many fuzzy logic implementation. Special purpose fuzzy logic microprocessor chips, called Fuzzy process Controllers. E.g. subway trains, elevators are guided and supported by Fuzzy process Controllers made by Hitachi and Toshiba. Tokyo Stock Exchange , Share Trading using stock trading program based on fuzzy logic microprocessor.

Cognitive Science Application


Uses Darwinian(survival of the fittest), randomizing, & other mathematical functions to simulate an evolutionary process that can yield increasingly better solutions. Especially useful for situations in which thousands of solutions are possible & must be evaluated to produce an optimal solution.
Focuses on researching how the human brain works & how humans think and learn.

Genetic Algorithm

GEs Engeneous
General Electric's design of a more efficient jet engine for

the Boeing 777 is a classic example of a genetic algorithm in business. Major engineering challenge: to develop more efficient fan blades for the engine. GEs engineer estimated that it would take billions of years, even with a supercomputer, to mathematically evaluate the astronomical number of performance and cost factors and combination involved. Instead, GE used a hybrid genetic algorithm/ expert system, called Engeneous, that produced an optimal solution in less than a week.

Cognitive Science Application


An Intelligent Agent is a software surrogate for an end users or a process that fulfills a stated need or activity. It uses built-in and learned knowledge base about a person or process to make decisions and accomplish tasks in a way that fulfills the intentions of a user.
Focuses on researching how the human brain works & how humans think and learn.

Intelligent Agents

Cognitive Science Application


Can be mainly categorized in two types:
Focuses on researching how the human brain works & how humans think and learn.

User Interface Agents Information


Intelligent Agents

Management Agents

Cognitive Science Application


Interface Tutors: Observe user computer operations, correct user mistakes, provide hints and advise on efficient software use. Presentation Agents: Show information in a variety of reporting and presentation forms and media based on user preference. Network Navigation Agents: Discover paths to information and provide ways to view information that are preferred by user. Focuses on researching how the human brain works & how humans think and learn.

Intelligent Agents

User Interface Agents

Role-Playing Agents:
Play what-if games and other roles to help users understand information and make better decisions.

Cognitive Science Application


Search Agents: Help users find files and databases, search for desired information, and suggest and find new types of information products, media, and resources. Information Brokers: Provide commercial services to discover and develop information resources that fit the business or personal needs of a user. Information Filters: Receive, find, filter, discard, save, forward, and notify users about product received or desired, including e-mail, voice mail, and all other information media. Focuses on researching how the human brain works & how humans think and learn.

Intelligent Agents

Information Management Agents

Dow Jones & Co.: Intelligent Web Agents Websites that :


Amazon.com shops the web, Excites Jango.com MySimons MySimon.com

Uses IA to help users compare prices for items (like fragrances, book titles, etc) on multiple sites.

Cognitive Science Application


Expert System can provide decision support to end users in the form of advice from an expert consultant in a specific problem area.
Focuses on researching how the human brain works & how humans think and learn.

Expert System

A knowledge-based information system (KBIS) that uses its knowledge about a specific, complex application area to act as an expert consultant.

Provides answers to questions in a very specific problem area. Must be able to explain reasoning process and conclusions to the user.

Components of an Expert System:


1. Knowledge base 2. Software resources

Expert System
There are 4 methods in which knowledge can be represented in ES: Case based: Includes examples of past performance, occurrences and experience.

Frame based:
Includes knowledge represented in the form of a hierarchy or network frames. i.e. complex package of data values describing its attributes.

Components of an Expert System

Knowledge base

Object based:
Includes knowledge represented as network objects. Rule based: Includes knowledge in the form of if-then rules.

Contains facts about a specific subject area.

Expert System
Inference engine processes the knowledge, and makes associations and inferences. User interface programs, including an explanation program, allows communication with user.
Components of an Expert System

Software resources

Contains an inference engine and other programs for refining knowledge and communicating.

Application Of Expert System


Decision Management

Diagnostic / Troubleshooting

Design / Configuration

Selection/classification

Process Monitoring/ control

Application Of Expert System


Systems that appraise situations, consider alternatives, make recommendations based on criteria supplied.
Example: Financial Decision Making Design / Configuration Advisory programs have been created to assist bankers in determining whether to make loans to businesses and individuals. Decision Management

Diagnostic / Troubleshooting

Selection/classification

Process Monitoring/ control

Application Of Expert System


Decision Management

Systems that infer causes from symptom and history.

Diagnostic / Troubleshooting

Example Software debugging Medical diagnosis

Design / Configuration

Selection/classification

Process Monitoring/ control

Application Of Expert System


System that help configure IDEA/C (intelligent system equipment components design given existing constraints.
automation/configuration) to assist system engineers with computer system configuration. The knowledge base of this Prolog-based system contains expert knowledge concerning computer system configuration design, as well as hardware specifications of various pieces of equipment and their interconnectability relationships. Using the knowledge base, the system assists system engineers with design work. Decision Management

Diagnostic / Troubleshooting

Design / Configuration

Selection/classification

Process Monitoring/ control

Application Of Expert System


Systems that help users choose products or processes often from complex set of alternatives. Material selection Information classification Suspect identification
Decision Management

Diagnostic / Troubleshooting

Design / Configuration

Selection/classification

Process Monitoring/ control

Application Of Expert System


Systems that monitor and control procedures or processes. Inventory control Production monitoring Chemical testing
Decision Management

Diagnostic / Troubleshooting

Design / Configuration

Selection/classification

Process Monitoring/ control

What Is Artificial Intelligence?

Major Application Areas of AI Cognitive Science Application

Natural Interface Application Natural Interface Application

Summary

Natural Interface Application


Computer-simulated reality Relies on multisensory input/output devices Allows interaction with computer-simulated objects, entities, and environments in three dimensions. It is also called as telepresence.
Virtual Reality

Flight simulation for training pilots and astronauts. Product demonstration.

Entertainments
3D video arcade games. CAD (Computer Aided Design) is most widely used

industrial VR application.
It enables architects and other designers to design and test electronic 3-D models of products and structures by entering the models themselves and examining, touching, and manipulating sections and parts from all angles.

What Is Artificial Intelligence?

Major Application Areas of AI Cognitive Science Application

Natural Interface Application

Summary Summary

Summary
Goal of AI is the development of computer functions normally associated with human physical and mental capabilities. Eg: Robots See, hear , talk, feel, and move. Eg: Software capable of reasoning, learning, and problem solving. Three application areas of AI: Cognitive Science Robotics Natural Interface Neural nets are hardware or software systems based on simple models of the brains neuron structure that can learn to recognize pattern in data. Fuzzy Logic systems use rules of approximate reasoning to solve problem where data is incomplete / ambiguous. GA uses various mathematical functions to simulate an evolutionary process that can yield increasing better solutions to problems. VR systems are multisensory systems that enable users to experience computer-simulated environment as if they actually existed.

Commercial Application of AI
Virtual Reality Robotics

Information Retrieval

Decision Support

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