Professional Documents
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HPI Happy Planet Index - First, Second, Third World no longer - Introduced by NEF in 2006 applicable in Post Cold War World - Indicates relative ecological efficiency with well-being - Too simplistic so have moved away from - First to combine environmental efficiency with human wellclassification based on economics and being politics CASE STUDIES - Subjective - Kerala and Qatar as both oppose general trend that DEVELOPMENT high GDP means development from both CLASSIFICATION perspectives DEVELOPMENT st 0.943, UK 28th 0.863, China 101st - HDI = Norway 1 INDICATORS 0.687 - HPI = Costa Rica 1st, China 20th, UK 74th Brandt Line = 80/20 = North/South - 1980 Brandt report into sustainable development unveiled hemispheric development differences - North = 80% of GDP but only 20% of global population - Very outdated and too simplistic Development Continuum - Contemporary way of viewing development as sliding scale - Reflects development occurs in number of ways - Illustrates changing importance over time - No discrete groups
HDI Human Development Index - Incepted 1990s to incorporate social Development and economic data = the process of social and economic advancements that - Average score of 3 variables, expressed lead to an improvement in peoples quality of life and between 1 and 0 general well-being - No ecological measures or global perspectives Variables used: Core/Periphery composite indicators take an average but - Life expectancy at birth important to remember development spatially varies within - Educational Attainment countries. ROSTOW MODEL OF - Adjusted income per capita (GDP per DEVELOPMENT capita by PPP)
LDCs
STAGE 1 subsistence agriculture STAGE 2 TNCs and FDI 1. Income below $7050 per capita per STAGE 3 cumulative causation and year industrialisation 2. Weak human resources STAGE 4 population growth and 3. Economic vulnerability urbanisation, self sustaining growth - Produced 1960 STAGE 5 exploitative industries move How can LDCs develop? - Based on 15 European and North elsewhere, rapid expansion of tertiary sector - Fair Trade American countries - Industrialisation - 33/50 LDCs are subCriticisms and Benefits: - Based on economic development - Brain gain/drain Saharan - Too simplistic an Eurocentric - Early warning systems LDCs = Sierra Leone, Haiti, - Does not consider debt or aid + Used with DTM can form population policies - International investment Myanmar - Underestimates importance of + Rough guide to development - Appropriate technology colonialism in early development + Easy to compare and understand
What makes an LDC? 1. Income below $750 per capita per year 2. Weak human resources - Health - Education - Nutrition and calorie intake 3. Economic vulnerability - Instability of exports - Instability of agricultural production - lack of economic diversity How can LDCs develop? - Fair Trade - Industrialisation - Brain gain/drain - Early warning systems - International investment (TNCs and appending FDI) - Appropriate technology - Agricultural mechanization - Sustainable raw material exploitation - Controlling population growth, i.e. contraception and population policies Haiti Population: 10.1 million Life Expectancy: 61 (men), 64 (women) GNI: US$995 per capita GDP (PPP): $1995 per capita Independence French colonial rule: 1825 HDI: 145th at 0.404
Inequality
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL Poor sanitation Poor education an health care Civil conflict Poor living standards POLITICAL
Inequality
Unsustainable exploitation
Deforestation/degradation/desertification
ENVIRONMENTAL
Wood for fuel Low energy consumption No laws or legislation Poor food/water supply
Sierra Leone Population: 6 million Life Expectancy: 48 (men), 49 (women) GNI: US$340 per capita GDP (PPP): $780 per capita Independence British colonial rule: 1961 HDI: 180th at 0.336 Myanmar (Burma) Population: 50.5 million Life Expectancy: 64 (men), 68 (women) GDP (PPP): $1307 per capita HDI: 149th