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Introduction
A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments.
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Definition
A landslide is an catastrophic event where a block of earthen mass slides downhill.

The causes of landslides are usually related to instabilities in slopes. It is usually possible to identify one or more landslide causes and one landslide trigger. The difference between these two concepts is subtle but important. The landslide causes are the reasons that a landslide occurred in that location and at that time.

Geological causes
Weathered materials

Jointed or fissured materials


Adversely orientated discontinuities Material contrasts

Rainfall and snow fall


Earthquakes Working of machinery

Morphological causes
Slope angle
Uplift Rebound Wave erosion Glacial erosion Erosion of lateral margins Slope loading

Physical causes
Intense rainfall

Rapid snow melt


Rapid drawdown Freeze-thaw

Ground water changes


Soil pore water pressure Surface runoff

Human causes
Loading
Drawdown Land use change

Water management
Mining Vibration

Water leakage
Deforestation

Types of landslides

Debris flow:Slope material that becomes saturated with water may develop into a debris flow or mud flow. The resulting slurry of rock and mud may pick up trees, houses and cars, thus blocking bridges and tributaries causing flooding along its path. Debris flow is often mistaken for flash flood, but they are entirely different processes.

Amboori debris flow, occurred on 9 November 2001 in Kerala, India. The event killed 39 people.

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Earth flow
Earthflows are downslope, viscous flows of saturated, fine-grained materials, which move at any speed from slow to fast. Typically, they can move at speeds from 0.17 to 20 km/h. Though these are a lot like mudflows, overall they are slower moving and are covered with solid material carried along by flow from within. The velocity of the earthflow is all dependent on how much water content is in the flow itself: if there is more water content in the flow, the higher the velocity will be.
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A earth flow in Guerrero, Mexico

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Debris avalanche
A debris avalanche is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of rocks soil and debris mixed with water or ice (or both). They are usually triggered by the saturation of thickly vegetated slopes which results in an incoherent mixture of broken timber, smaller vegetation and other debris. Debris avalanches differ from debris slides because their movement is much more rapid. This is usually a result of lower cohesion or higher water content and commonly steeper slopes.
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Goodell Creek Debris Avalanche, Washington.

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Shallow landslide
Landslide in which the sliding surface is located within the soil mantle or weathered bedrock (typically to a depth from few decimetres to some metres). They usually include debris slides, debris flow, and failures of road cut-slopes. Landslides occurring as single large blocks of rock moving slowly down slope are sometimes called block glides.

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Shallow landslide in Hotel Limone at the Garda Lake.


Part of a hill of Devonian shale was removed to make the road, forming a dip-slope. The upper block detached along a bedding plane and is sliding down the hill, forming a jumbled pile of rock at the toe of the slide.

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Deep-seated landslide
Landslides in which the sliding surface is mostly

deeply located below the maximum rooting depth of trees (typically to depths greater than ten meters). These typically move slowly, only several meters per year, but occasionally move faster.

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Deep-seated Landslide in Pakistan

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Examples Landslides in India mumbai landslide 2000

2010 Leh floods

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Karanjadi train crash

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Konkan railway landslides 2011 Maharashtra

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Malpa landslide

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Examples given is clearly an artificial situation of landslide

Landslides Prediction
Although a basic understanding of the landslides is

available, system that predict the occurrence of a landslide do NOT exist. Why?
The lack of field measurements over large temporal and

spatial scales.

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Continue.
The development of a landslide is a temporal process
takes as long as a year to develop Movement speed, several cm per month

Landslides are spatial in nature.


Position Movement direction

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System Architecture
Sensor Column Geophone Strain Gauge Pore Pressure Transducer

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System Architecture

Deployment
A network of sensor columns Placed in vertical holes drilled over the hill

surface

Using sensor columns to detect movements


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Solution Outline
Geophones estimate displacement dij(t)
Based on distance matrix D=[dij(t)] Detection

Determine whether slip surface has formed Estimate subset of sensors that moved

Classification

Localization

Compute location of slip surface

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Example
Detection & Classification & Localization

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Detection
Use strain gauges on each sensor colum

Can measure changes in their length due to

deformation

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Localization
Localize moved nodes using trilateration
Slip surface estimation

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Evaluation
Evaluation metrics
Average and std. dev of localization error

Max. distance between actual and estimated slip

plane

Abstract network model


Communications are error-free Nodes do not fail

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Conclusion
Propose a WSN for the
Simple Measurement WSN Temporal & Spatial Measurement

prediction of landslides Design a system to detect the early signals preceding a landslides.

Prediction Civil Engineering

Finite Element Analysis


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Thanks!
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