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Dr. Dini Sri Damayanti,M.

Kes

Helps maintain homeostasis by

Circulating blood to the lungs (the pulmonary circuit) and then to the other tissues of the body (systemic circuit)

Heart Blood vessels


Arteries Capillaries Veins

Size of a closed fist Shape


Apex: Blunt rounded point of cone Base: Flat part at opposite of end of cone

Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum

Generating blood pressure Routing blood

Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations

Ensuring one-way blood flow

Heart valves ensure one-way flow


Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

Regulating blood supply

Visceral pericardium: layer next to cardiac muscle Parietal pericardium: layer around the outside Pericardial cavity: between the visceral and parietal layers

contains 10 to 20 mL of lubricating fluid

Also called the epicardium Composed of a simple squamous epithelium (a serous membrane that produces pericardial fluid) and a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

Fibrous pericardium outside, composed of dense irregular tissue (pericardial sac) Serous pericardium inside (produces pericardial fluid), a simple squamous epithelium plus a layer of areolar tissue

Three layers of tissue


Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth outer surface of heart Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart chambers

Four chambers

2 atria 2 ventricles

Auricles Major veins


Superior vena cava Pulmonary veins Aorta Pulmonary trunk

Major arteries

Four chambers

Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle

Relatively thin myocardium, ridges called pectinate muscles L and R atria separated by interatrial septum Atrial myocardium forms a single functional unit called the atrial syncytium (depolarization spreads throughout all myocardial cells)

Trabeculae carneae: muscular ridges found on inner surface of ventricles (helps ensure mixing of blood?) Left ventricle: inverted cone shape Right ventricle: shaped like a pouch Ventricular syncytium, interventricular septum

4 valves, located in fibrous skeleton between atria and ventricles 2 atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

Right AV valve = tricuspid valve Left AV valve = bicuspid v. = mitral v. Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve

2 semilunar valves

Atrioventricular valves, prevent blood flowing back into atria during ventricular contraction Tricuspid valve = right AV valve Bicuspid valve = mitral valve = left AV valve

Attached to edges of AV valves are chordae tendineae (dense regular CT) Papillary muscles pull on chordae tendineae during ventricular contraction to hold valve closed against the high pressure in the ventricles

Between ventricles and the large blood vessels that leave the ventricles (pulmonary trunk, aorta) 3 flaps each, no chordae tendineae or papillary muscles needed

Composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells that carry electrical impulses but do not contract

Sinoatrial node (SA node) Internodal pathways Atrioventricular node (AV node) Atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle, bundle of His) Bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

Each heartbeat is called a cardiac cycle. When the heart beats, the two atria contract together, then the two ventricles contract; then the whole heart relaxes. Systole is the contraction of heart chambers; diastole is their relaxation. The heart sounds, lub-dup, are due to the closing of the atrioventricular valves, followed by the closing of the semilunar valves.

The SA (sinoatrial) node, or pacemaker, initiates the heartbeat and causes the atria to contract on average every 0.85 seconds. The AV (atrioventricular) node conveys the stimulus and initiates contraction of the ventricles. The signal for the ventricles to contract travels from the AV node through the atrioventricular bundle to the smaller Purkinje fibers.

A cardiac control center in the medulla oblongata speeds up or slows down the heart rate by way of the autonomic nervous system branches: parasympathetic system (slows heart rate) and the sympathetic system (increases heart rate). Hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla also stimulate faster heart rate.

Consists of plate of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles Fibrous rings around valves to support Serves as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles Provides site for muscle attachment

Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei Contains actin and myosin myofilaments Intercalated disks: Specialized cell-cell contacts Desmosomes hold cells together and gap junctions allow action potentialsElectrically, cardiac muscle behaves as single unit

The cardiovascular system has three types of blood vessels: Arteries (and arterioles) carry blood away from the heart Capillaries where nutrient and gas exchange occur Veins (and venules) carry blood toward the heart.

Arteries and arterioles take blood away from the heart. The largest artery is the aorta. The middle layer of an artery wall consists of smooth muscle that can constrict to regulate blood flow and blood pressure. Arterioles can constrict or dilate, changing blood pressure.

Capillaries have walls only one cell thick to allow exchange of gases and nutrients with tissue fluid. Capillary beds are present in all regions of the body but not all capillary beds are open at the same time. Contraction of a sphincter muscle closes off a bed and blood can flow through an arteriovenous shunt that bypasses the capillary bed.

Venules drain blood from capillaries, then join to form veins that take blood to the heart. Veins have much less smooth muscle and connective tissue than arteries. Veins often have valves that prevent the backward flow of blood when closed. Veins carry about 70% of the bodys blood and act as a reservoir during hemorrhage.

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The cardiovascular system includes two circuits: Pulmonary circuit which circulates blood through the lungs, and Systemic circuit which circulates blood to the rest of the body. Both circuits are vital to homeostasis.

The pulmonary circuit begins with the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle which branches into two pulmonary arteries that take oxygenpoor blood to the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood to be expelled by the lungs. Four pulmonary veins return oxygenrich blood to the left atrium.

The systemic circuit starts with the aorta carrying O2-rich blood from the left ventricle. The aorta branches with an artery going to each specific organ. Generally, an artery divides into arterioles and capillaries which then lead to venules.

The vein that takes blood to the vena cava often has the same name as the artery that delivered blood to the organ. In the adult systemic circuit, arteries carry blood that is relatively high in oxygen and relatively low in carbon dioxide, and veins carry blood that is relatively low in oxygen and relatively high in carbon dioxide. This is the reverse of the pulmonary circuit.

The coronary arteries serve the heart muscle itself; they are the first branch off the aorta. Since the coronary arteries are so small, they are easily clogged, leading to heart disease. The hepatic portal system carries blood rich in nutrients from digestion in the small intestine to the liver, the organ that monitors the composition of the blood.

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