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Gio vin hng dn: Ts Dng Hong Giang

Thnh vin:
Nguyn Thy Dng
Quch Th Qunh Nga
Nguyn Th Thu Thy
Nguyn Vn Thng
V Quc Thng
Nhm chuyn lp 11A2Tin


Mc lc
nh ngha Bn cht ca phn ng tch
Cc loi phn ng tch trong hu c
Phn ng hidro ho v phn
ng cracking
Phn ng tch HX( X l Halogen)
trong dn xut Halogen
Phn ng tch nc ca ru n
chc

A. nh ngha
Bn cht ca phn ng tch
1.V d:

















0
,
2 6 2 4 2
0
3 8 4 2 4
2 4
3 2 2 2 2 0
170
/
3 2 2 2
t xt
C H C H H
t
C H CH C H
H SO d
CH CH OH CH CH H O
C
KOH R OH
CH CH Cl CH CH HCl
+
+
= +

= +
2.nh ngha:
Qu trnh tch loi mt s phn t
t phn t ca hp cht hu c gi
l phn ng tch.

3.Bn cht:
L qu trnh ph v lin kt c
hnh thnh lin kt


o
t
B.Cc loi phn ng tch trong
hu c
Tch
Cracking
Tch ( X l
Halogen)
Tch
2
H
2
H O
HX
I.Phn ng cracking
v phn ng hidro ha
1.Phn ng cracking:



2.Phn ng hidro ha:

2 2 2 2 2
( 3, )
CRACKING
C H C H C H
n m x
n m x
n n m x
+
+ +
> = +
, ,
, ,
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
o
o
t p xt
t p xt
C H C H H
n n n n
C H C H H
n n n n
+
+
+
+
V d 1:
Nhit phn 8,8g . Gi s xy ra 2 phn ng:



Ta thu c hn hp Y
a.Bit rng c 90% b nhit phn. Tnh
b.Tnh (ktc) dng t chy ht hn hp Y
v
tnh khi lng thu c trong phn ng
ny?
0
(1)
3 8 4 2 4
0
(2)
3 8 3 6 2
t
C H CH C H
t
C H C H H
+
+
3 8
C H
3 8
C H
M
Y
2
V
O
,
2 2
CO H O
Li gii:
a)T h s ca phng trnh phn ng ta c:
S mol ca hn hp Y l
Thay s c:

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng c:


b)t hn hp Y cng chnh l t hn hp X nn ta c:

8,8 8,8
2. .0, 9 .0,1 0, 38
44 44
n mol
Y
= + =
3 8 3 8
2
Y C H pu C H du
n n n = +
0.2
44. 23,16
0.38
M n
Y X
M
Y
n M
Y X
= = ~
5 3 4
3 8 2 2 2
1 0, 6 0,8 0, 2
C H O CO H O + + 1.22, 4 22, 4
2
0, 6.44 26, 4
2
0,8.18 14, 4
2
V l
O
m g
CO
m g
H O
= =
= =
= =
II.Phn ng tch HX ra khi dn xut
Halogen
Phn ng tng qut:












Khi tch HX khi phn t dn xut
Halogen th nguyn t X cng tch vi
nguyn t H ca C c bc cao hn bn
cnh u tin to ra HX v sn phm
chnh.
/
2 1 2 2 2 0
2 1 2 2 2 2 0
MOH R OH
C H X C H HX
n n k n n k
t
R OH
C H X MOH C H MX H O
n n k n n k
t

+
+

+ + +
+
V d : C my dn xut halogen ca khi tc
dng vi dung dch v etanol trong mi trng hp
ch to ra mt anken duy nht.
Li gii:
Dn xut khi tc dng vi dung dch
v etanol ch thu c mt anken duy nht khi
nh vo C bc I hoc dn xut halogen i
xng.
Suy ra cc dn xut c th c l:
4 9
C H Br
KOH
4 9
C H Br KOH
Br
/
1.
3 2 2 2 3 2 2 0
/
2. ( ) ( )
3 3 2 3 3 2 0
/
3. ( ) ( )
3 3 2 3 3 2 0
KOH R OH
CH CH CH CH Br CH CH CH CH HBr
t
KOH R OH
CH CH CH CH Br CH C CH CH HBr
t
KOH R OH
CH C CH Br CH C CH CH HBr
t

= +

= +

= +
III.Ru n chc b tch nc(Phn
ng hidrat ha)
A.Mt phn t ru tch mt phn t nc:
1.Mt phn t ru tch mt phn t nc to thnh
hp cht tng thm mt ni ( :
)
V d:



Nguyn t C gn trc tip vi nguyn t C mang
nhm OH gi l cacbon
t
2 4
H SO
0 0
:170 180 t C
2 4
3 2 2 2 2 0
170
H SO
CH CH OH CH CH H O
C
= +
o

Sn phm ca phn ng ph
thuc vo bc ca ru v tnh
i xng ca ru

a.Ru no n chc bc I: Ch to thnh 1 olefin
duy nht.
Khi 1 ru tch nc to olefin th phi c s nguyn
t
cacbon
V d:
2 n >
2 4
3 2 2 2 2 0
180
3 2 2 3 2 2
H SO d
CH CH OH CH CH H O
C
CH CH CH OH CH CH CH H O
= +
= +
b.Ru no n chc bc II tch nc:
+) Vi ru bc II i xng ch cho mt
olefin( cha k ng phn hnh hc).



+) Ru bc II khng i xng to thnh hn
hp 2 olefin ng phn ( cha k ng
phn hnh hc)



2 4
( )
3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 0
180
H SO d
CH CH CH OH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH H O
C
= +
2 2 3 2
2 4
( )
3 2 3 0
3 3 2
CH CH CH CH H O
H SO
CH CH OH CH CH
CH CH CH CH H O
t
= +

= +

c.Ru no n chc bc III tch :


- Ru bc 3 i xng khi tch nc ch to ra 1 olefin
V d:

- Ru bc 3 c 2 nguyn t i xng tch nc thu
c hn hp 2 olefin ng phn:


- Ru bc 3 khng i xng tch nc thu c hn hp
3 olefin ng phn (cha k ng phn hnh hc).
V d:
2 4
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3 3 2 2 2 0
H SO
CH C OH CH CH C CH H O
t
= +
( )
2 3 2 3 2
2 4
( ) ( )
3 2 2 3 0
( )
3 2 3 2
CH C CH CH CH H O
H SO
CH C OH CH CH
CH C CH CH H O
t
= +

= +

C
o
( ) ( )
3 3 3 3 2
2 4
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 0
( ) ( )
3 2 3 3 3 2
CH CH C CH CH CH CH H O
H SO
CH CH C OH CH CH CH CH CH CH C CH C CH CH H O
t
CH CH C CH C CH CH H O
= +
= +
= +

B.Hai phn t ru tch mt phn t nc:


Trng hp hai phn t ru n chc tch 1 phn
t
nc to thnh ete xc tc c,
Phn ng tng qut:


- un nng mt ru n chc s thu c mt ete i
xng.
- un nng hn hp 2 ru n chc s thu c hn hp 3
ete trong c 2 ete i xng v 1 ete khng i xng.

- un nng hn hp gm n ru n chc th thu c hn
hp n(n+1)/2 ete, trong c n ete i xng cn li l
ete khng i xng.
2 4
H SO
0 0
:140 t C
2 4
2
0 2
140
H SO d
ROH ROR H O
C
+
Thc hin phn ng hidrat ha hon ton 4,77 gam
hn hp A gm 2 ancol, thu c hn hp 2 olefin hn km
nhau 14 vc trong phn t. Lng hn hp olefin ny lm
mt mu va 0,9 lit dung dch 0,1M
a) 2 ancol trn l:
A. B.
C. D.
b) Khi lng mi ancol trong hn hp A trn l:
A.1,84 gam v 2,93 gam B. 1,77 gam v 3,00
gam
C. 2,07 gam v 2,70 gam D.Mt tr s khc.
c) Nu un nng hn hp A trn vi dung dch
c .Tnh khi lng hn hp 3 ete thu c. Bit hiu
sut ca phn ng ete ha l 40%.
A.4,03 gam B.1,612 gam
C.1,288 gam D.1,936 gam
2
Br
,
3 2 5
CH OH C H OH
,
2 5 3 7
C H OH C H OH
,
3 7 4 9
C H OH C H OH
,
3 3 7
CH OH C H OH
2 4
H SO
0
140 C
a)Do khi hidrat ha hn hp A thu c hn hp 2
olefin nn hn hp A gm 2 ru no n chc.
Ta c:


Gi cng thc trung bnh ca 2 anken l
M 2 olefin hn km nhau 14 vc trong phn t nn 2
olefin l v
b) Theo s ng cho ta c:

M

0,9.0,1 0, 09
2
n n mol
anken Br
= = =
3,15
4, 77 0, 09.18 3,15 35
0, 09
2
m m m m M
ancol anken H O anken anken
= + = = = =
2
C H
n n
2, 5 n =
2 4
C H
3 6
C H
2 : ,
2 5 3 7
ancol C H OH C H OH
3 2, 5
2 5
1
2, 5 2
3 7
n
C H OH
n
C H OH

= =

0, 09 0, 045
2 5 3 7 2 5 3 7
n n n n
C H OH C H OH C H OH C H OH
+ = = =
2, 07 , 2, 7
2 5 3 7
m gam m gam
C H OH C H OH
= =
c)Trong phn ng ete ha 2 ancol ta c:


Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c


Do hiu sut ca phn ng ete ha l 40% nn khi
lng
ete thu c l 4,03.40% = 1,612 gam

Vy a) chn p n C.
b)chn p n C.
c)chn p n B.
1
0, 045 0, 81
2
2 2 2
n n n m g
H O ancol H O H O
= = =
2
m m m
ancol ete H O
= +
4,84 0,81 4, 03 m g
ete
= =
Trong phn ng mt phn t ru tch nc lun c:
S mol ru phn ng = s mol sn phm = S mol
nc.
Khi lng ru = Khi lng sn phm + Khi lng nc.
Khi cho ru n chc A tch mt phn t nc to
thnh cht hu c B theo phng trnh phn ng:

Ta c:
Do t khi hi ca sn phm B so vi A l


Kt lun: Khi un nng ru n chc A vi
c c sn phm hu c B , nu t khi hi
ca B so vi A nh hn 1 th xy ra trng hp
mt phn t ru tch mt phn t nc .

2
A B H O +
18 M M
A B
= +
18
18
1 1
/
M M
B A
d
B A
M M M
A A A

= = = <
2 4
H SO
Trong phn ng hai phn t ru tch nc ta lun c:
S mol ete = s mol nc = 1/2 s mol ru phn
ng.
Khi lng ru phn ng = khi lng ete + Khi lng
nc.
Ta c:
2 mol 1 mol 1 mol
Nn


Kt lun:Khi un nng mt ru n chc vi
c thu c sn phm hu c c t khi hi so
vi ru >1 th xy ra phn ng 2 phn t ru
tch 1 phn t nc
2
2
A B H O +
2 18
2 18
18
2 1
/
M M
A B
M M
B A
d
B A
M M M
A A A
= +

= = = >
2 4
H SO
V d 1:
un nng mt ru n chc A vi c
thu c sn phm hu c B. Bit t khi hi
ca B so vi A bng 0,7. Xc nh cng thc
A,B.
p s: A l v B l

V d 2:
un nng mt ru n chc A vi c -
c cht hu c B. Bit t khi hi ca B so vi
A l 1,61. Xc nh cng thc ca A,B ?
p s: A l v B l
2 4
H SO
2 4
H SO
3 7
C H OH
3 6
C H
5 2
C H OH
5 5 2 2
C H OC H
Xin chn thnh cm
n s lng nghe
ca cc thy c v
cc bn hc sinh !!!

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