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A swap is an agreement between counter-parties to exchange cash flows at specified future times according to pre-specified conditions.
A swap is equivalent to a coupon-bearing asset plus a coupon-bearing liability. The coupons might be fixed or floating. A swap is equivalent to a portfolio, or strip, of forward contracts--each with a different maturity date, and each with the same forward price.
David Dubofsky and 11- 1 Thomas W. Miller, Jr.
~ ~ ~ R0 R1 R 2 R 3
0
Multiply each R by NP times #days between payments over 360 (or use a 365-day year)
R R
R R
Each actual payment (difference check) equals the difference between the interest rates times NP times #days between payments over 360, or #days/365. The time t variable cash flow is typically based on the time t-1 floating interest rate. Thus, the first floating cash flow, based on the rate, R0, is known: it is 4.20%. All subsequent floating cash flows are random variables as of time zero (but always known one period in advance).
David Dubofsky and 11- 4 Thomas W. Miller, Jr.
LIBOR FLOATING
Date Rate
FIXED
Net
Cash Flow Cash Flow Cash Flow +2.10 +2.30 2.50 2.50 0.40 0.20
Mar.1, 2002
Sept. 1, 2002 Mar.1, 2003
4.2%
4.6% 5.1%
Sept. 1, 2003
Mar.1, 2004
5.5%
5.6%
+2.55
+2.75
2.50
2.50
+0.05
+0.25
Sept. 1, 2004
Mar.1, 2005
4.9%
4.4%
+2.80
+2.45
2.50
2.50
+0.30
- 0.05
Fixed Payment:
Based on 5% rate. ($100,000,000)(0.05)(1/2) = -$2,500,000.
Currency Swaps
There are four types of basic currency swaps:
fixed for fixed. fixed for floating. floating for fixed. floating for floating.
Party A
1,040,000,000
Party B
At maturity:
Party A
N.B. The time t floating cash flow is determined using the time t-1 floating rate. 1 Time 1.0 floating rate payment is (0.0525/2)($10,000,000) = $262,500.
David Dubofsky and 11- 16 Thomas W. Miller, Jr.
This means that there is a higher probability of a large buildup in value, giving one of the counter-parties (the one who is losing) the incentive to default.
Credit Risk
No credit risk exists when a swap is first created. The credit risk in a swap is greater when there is an exchange of principal amounts at termination. Only the winning party (for whom the swap is an asset) faces credit risk. This risk is the risk that the counter-party will default. Many vehicles exist to manage credit risk:
Collateral (or collateral triggers) Netting agreements Credit derivatives Marking to market
Commodity Swaps
Equivalent to a strip of forward contracts on a commodity. Define NP in terms of the commodity; e.g., 10,000 oz. of gold. The NP is not exchanged. Define Pfixed as the fixed price. Payments are made by comparing the actual price of the commodity on the settlement date (or an average price over the period, or the actual price one period earlier) to the fixed price.