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diffusion
Grahams law of effusion
atmosphere
Daltons law of partial pressures
Gases expand, diffuse, exert pressure, and can be compressed because they are in a low density state consisting of tiny, constantly-moving particles.
Gas particles are too far apart to experience significant attractive or repulsive forces.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.
Gas Pressure
Pressure is defined as force per unit area. Gas particles exert pressure when they collide with the walls of their container.
Partial pressure can be used to calculate the amount of gas produced in a chemical reaction.
C. temperature
D. pressure
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hydrogen bond Intermolecular forcesincluding dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bondsdetermine a substances state at a given temperature.
Intermolecular Forces
Attractive forces between molecules cause some materials to be solids, some to be liquids, and some to be gases at the same temperature.
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C. NH3
D. H2
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crystalline solid
The particles in solids and liquids have a limited range of motion and are not easily compressed.
Liquids
Forces of attraction keep molecules closely packed in a fixed volume, but not in a fixed position. Liquids are much denser than gases because of the stronger intermolecular forces holding the particles together.
Large amounts of pressure must be applied to compress liquids to very small amounts.
Liquids (cont.)
Fluidity is the ability to flow and diffuse; liquids and gases are fluids.
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow and is determined by the type of intermolecular forces, size and shape of particles, and temperature.
Liquids (cont.)
The stronger the intermolecular attractive forces, the higher the viscosity.
Increasing the temperature increases viscosity because the added energy allows the molecules to overcome intermolecular forces and flow more freely.
Liquids (cont.)
Surface tension is the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount. Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of water.
Liquids (cont.)
Cohesion is the force of attraction between identical molecules.
Solids
Solids contain particles with strong attractive intermolecular forces.
Solids (cont.)
Crystalline solids are solids with atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in an orderly, geometric shape.
Solids (cont.)
A unit cell is the smallest arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice that has the same symmetry as the whole crystal.
Solids (cont.)
Solids (cont.)
Solids (cont.)
Amorphous solids are solids in which the particles are not arranged in a regular, repeating pattern. Amorphous solids form when molten material cools quickly.
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vapor pressure
boiling point
phase diagram
triple point
Heat is the transfer of energy from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature.
The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid is converted into a crystalline solid.
Phase Diagrams
A phase diagram is a graph of pressure versus temperature that shows in which phase a substance will exist under different conditions of temperature and pressure.
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C. conductivity
D. electricity
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Chemistry Online
Study Guide Chapter Assessment Standardized Test Practice Image Bank Concepts in Motion
Section 12.1 Gases Key Concepts The kinetic-molecular theory explains the properties of gases in terms of the size, motion, and energy of their particles. Daltons law of partial pressures is used to determine the pressures of individual gases in gas mixtures. Grahams law is used to compare the diffusion rates of two gases.
Section 12.2 Forces of Attraction Key Concepts Intramolecular forces are stronger than intermolecular forces.
Section 12.3 Liquids and Solids Key Concepts The kinetic-molecular theory explains the behavior of solids and liquids. Intermolecular forces in liquids affect viscosity, surface tension, cohesion, and adhesion. Crystalline solids can be classified by their shape and composition.
Section 12.4 Phase Changes Key Concepts States of a substance are referred to as phases when they coexist as physically distinct parts of a mixture. Energy changes occur during phase changes. Phase diagrams show how different temperatures and pressures affect the phase of a substance.
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A collision in which no kinetic energy is lost is a(n) ____ collision. A. net-zero B. elastic
C. inelastic
D. conserved
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Solids with no repeating pattern are ____. A. ionic B. crystalline C. liquids D. amorphous
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What is the point at which all six phase changes can occur? A. the melting point B. the boiling point
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What are the forces that determine a substances physical properties? A. intermolecular forces B. intramolecular forces
C. internal forces
D. dispersal forces
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What do effusion rates depend on? A. temperature of the gas B. temperature and pressure of the gas
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A sealed flask contains helium, argon, and nitrogen gas. If the total pressure is 7.5 atm, the partial pressure of helium is 2.4 atm and the partial pressure of nitrogen is 3.7 atm, what is the partial pressure of argon? A. 1.3 atm B. 6.1 atm C. 1.4 atm
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D. 7.5 atm
Adding energy to a liquid will: A. cause it to form crystal lattice B. decrease the viscosity C. compress the particles closer together D. increase the velocity of the particles
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Hydrogen bonds are a special type of ____. A. ionic bond B. covalent bond
C. dipole-dipole force
D. dispersion force
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How many atoms of oxygen are present in 3.5 mol of water? A. 2.1 x 1024 B. 3.5 x 1023
C. 6.02 x 1023
D. 4.2 x 1024
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