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Redox: true or false?

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What are redox reactions?

A redox reaction is a reaction in which one substance is reduced and another is oxidized.
In the Thermit reaction, shown here, which substance is reduced and which is oxidized? iron(III) oxide + aluminium iron + aluminium oxide

The iron(III) ions are reduced and the aluminium ions are oxidized.
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What are oxidation and reduction?

Oxidation and reduction can be used to describe any of the following processes: Oxidation

Reduction loss of oxygen

e.g. 2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2 addition of hydrogen e.g. C2H4 + H2 C2H6

addition of oxygen
e.g. 2Mg + O2 2MgO loss of hydrogen e.g. CH3OH CH2O + H2 loss of electrons e.g. Al Al3+ + 3e-

gain of electrons
e.g. F2 + 2e- 2F-

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What are oxidizing and reducing agents?

Oxidizing agents oxidize other species accept electrons are themselves reduced Reducing agents

reduce other species

donate electrons are themselves oxidized

For example, in the reaction below: 2NaCl + F2 2NaF + Cl2

Fluorine:

oxidizes Cl- (to chlorine gas)

accepts electrons (from Cl-) is reduced (to F-) is an oxidizing agent
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Occasionally, the reducing agent and the oxidising agent are the same substance. i.e. the same substance is both oxidised and reduced.

Such reactions are called DISPROPORTIONATIONS e.g. 2Cu+ Cu + Cu2+ Cu+ is oxidised (e- loss) to Cu2+ and Cu+ is reduced (e- gain) to Cu

Cu+ is both the oxidising and the reducing agent

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Rules for deciding Oxidation States (Numbers) :

1. In all UNCOMBINED ELEMENTS, atoms ox. no. = 0 . 2. In all COMPOUNDS, sum of ox. no.s equals zero. 3. In all IONS, sum of ox. no.s equals ion charge. +1 4. In all COMPOUNDS : Gp 1 elements Gp 2 elements +2 Gp 3 elements +3 Fluorine - 1 5. In a BINARY (2 elements) COMPOUND the more electronegative atom given NEGATIVE ox. no. and the less electronegative atom given POSITIVE ox. no.

LEARN and PRACTISE

In most COMPOUNDS,
6. 7. H = + 1 except when bonded to a metal - metal must have the positive ox. no. (Rule 5) O = - 2 except when bonded to F or in peroxides, e.g. Na2O2 - F must have the negative ox. no. (Rule 4)
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ASSIGN AN OXIDATION NUMBER / STATE TO EACH ATOM IN : Cl2 Ca2+ Al3+ H2O CO2 ClF NO3CuCl N2 BrF5 SF6 S2VCl2 NO2NH4+ SO42S2O32CCl4
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Cl(0) Ca(+2) Al(+3) H(+1) O(-2) O(-2) C(+4) F(-1) Cl(+1) O(-2) N(+5) Cl(-1) Cu(+1) N(0) F(-1) Br(+5) F(-1) S(+6)

CO32SO32ClOIO4CH4 MnO4Na2S4O6 CuBr2 C2O42Mn2O3 CO BrF Na2S BrO3H2SO4 INH3 Cr2O72-

O(-2) C(+4) O(-2) S(+4) O(-2) Cl(+1) O(-2) I(+7) H(+1) C(-4) O(-2) Mn(+7) Na(+1) & O(-2) S(+2.5) Br(-1) Cu(+2) O(-2) C(+3) O(-2) Mn(+3) O(-2) C(+2) F(-1) Br(+1) Na(+1) S(-2) O(-2) Br(+5) O(-2) & H(+1) S(+6) I(-1) H(+1) N(-3) O(-2) Cr(+6)
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S(-2)
Cl(-1) V(+2)

O(-2) N(+3)
H(+1) N(-3) O(-2) S(+6) O(-2) S(+2) Cl(-1) C(+4)

Rem.

OXIDATION

REDUCTION

= OXIDATION No.

INCREASE

DECREASE

Work out the oxidation number change for each of the following process and use it to decide whether it is an OXIDATION or a REDUCTION.

PROCESS
Cl2 Ca NO2 ClCa2+ NO3-

Ox. No.s

Oxidation Reduction

Cl(0) (-1)

NONE
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Ca(0) (+2)
N(+4) (+5) Mn(+7) (+2) S(+4) (+6) I(+7) (0) S(+6) (-2) Br(0) (+1)

MnO4SO2 IO4H2SO4

Mn2+
SO42I2 S2-

Br2
NH4+ Cr2O7210 of 41

BrONH3 Cr3+

N(-3) (-3)
Cr(+6) (+3)

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How do we balance this half-equation?

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There is a single positive charge on the silver ion.

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We need to add one electron to the left hand side to balance the half-equation.
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This represents a reduction reaction. The silver ion is an oxidisin it accepts an electron. 15 of 41
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How do we balance this half-equation?

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There are two positive charges on the copper(ll) ion.

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We need to add two electrons to the left hand side to balance the half-equation.
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This represents a reduction reaction. The copper(ll) ion is an oxid because it accepts an electron. 19 of 41
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How do we balance this half-equation?

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There are four oxygen atoms in the manganate(Vll) ion, so we add molecules to the right hand side. 21 of 41
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We need to add eight hydrogen ions to the left to balance the eigh that we 41 22 of added to the right hand side.
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There are two positive charges on the right hand side.

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There are a total of seven positive charges on the left hand side.
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We need to add five electrons to the left hand side to balance the
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This represents a reduction reaction. The manganate(Vll) ion is a because it accepts electrons. 26 of 41
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How do we balance this half-equation?

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There are two chromium atoms in the dichromate(Vl) ion, so we add a 2 to the right hand side to balance these.
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There are seven oxygen atoms in the dichromate(Vl) ion, so we ad molecules to the right hand side. 29 of 41
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We need to add fourteen hydrogen ions to the left to balance the f atoms ofthat we added to the right hand side. 30 41
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There are six positive charges on the right hand side.

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There are a total of twelve positive charges on the left hand side.
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We need to add six electrons to the left hand side to balance the c
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This represents a reduction reaction. The dichromate(Vl) ion is an because it accepts electrons. 34 of 41
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This half-equation shows the oxidation of zinc to zinc ions.

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This half-equation shows the reduction of silver ions to silver. How

these two half-equations? 36 of 41

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Both equations need an equal number of electrons, so we multiply half-equation by two. 37 of 41

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When the two half-equations are combined these electrons will ca

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We combine both left hand sides.

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We then combine both right hand sides to complete the full equati

are acting as an oxidising agent and the zinc atoms are Ltd 2009 40 of 41 Boardworks acting as

This half-equation shows the oxidation of iron(ll) ions to iron(lll) io

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This half-equation shows the reduction of manganate(Vll) ions to How42do we combine these two half-equations? of 41
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Both equations need an equal number of electrons, so we multiply half-equation by five. 43 of 41

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When the two half-equations are combined these electrons will ca

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We combine both left hand sides.

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We then combine both right hand sides to complete the full equation. The manganate(Vll) ions are acting as an oxidising
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This half-equation shows the oxidation of iron(ll) ions to iron(lll) io

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This half-equation shows the reduction of dichromate(Vl) ions to How 48 of 41we combine these two half-equations? do
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Both equations need an equal number of electrons, so we multiply half-equation by six. 49 of 41

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When the two half-equations are combined these electrons will ca

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We combine both left hand sides.

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We then combine both right hand sides to complete the full equati

The dichromate(Vl) ions are acting as an oxidising Boardworks Ltd 2009 the agent and 52 of 41

Oxidizing and reducing agents

Common oxidizing agents:

Common reducing agents:

concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

hydrogen (H2)

potassium manganate(VII) (KMnO4)

potassium dichromate(VI) (K2Cr2O7) manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) chlorine (Cl2)

zinc (Zn)
carbon (C) carbon monoxide (CO) lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III), (LiAlH4) sodium tetrahydridoborate(III) (NaBH4)
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hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

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Spot the agent

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Redox half equations

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Balancing half equations

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Combining half equations

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Oxidation numbers

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Working out oxidation numbers

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Changes in oxidation number

Oxidation numbers can be used to define the processes of oxidation and reduction.

During oxidation, the oxidation number increases:

H2 2H+ + 2eoxidation number 0 +1

During reduction, the oxidation number decreases:

Fe3+ + e- Fe2+
oxidation number
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+3

+2
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Oxidation numbers in names

Oxidation numbers can be used in the names of compounds to indicate which oxidation state a particular element in the compound is in. The oxidation state is usually put in brackets in roman numerals after the name of the element in question. For example: iron(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)2 iron is in oxidation state +2 iron(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3 iron is in oxidation state +3

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Oxidation or reduction?

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Displacement reactions: observations

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Displacement reactions

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Oxidized, reduced or spectator?

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Reaction of metals with acids

The reactions of metals with acids are redox reactions. What is oxidized and what is reduced in these reactions? The reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid:

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

Mg is oxidized to Mg2+ ions

H+ ions are reduced to H2

The reaction of calcium with sulfuric acid:

Ca + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2

Ca is oxidized to Ca2+ ions

H+ ions are reduced to H2
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What is disproportionation?
A disproportionation reaction is one in which the same substance is both oxidized and reduced. For example, the chlorine in the reaction below: 2NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaOCl + H2O oxidation state -1 0 reduction

+1
oxidation The OCl- ion is called the chlorate(I) ion. The (I) indicates that the chlorine is in oxidation state +1.
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Redox or not?

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Glossary

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Whats the keyword?

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Multiple-choice quiz

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