Piping Stress Analysis

Overview
E What is Flexibility Analysis ?
E Analytical Method to calculate Displacement & Stresses
E Guidelines for lines connected to Critical Equipment
E Fundamentals of Primary & Secondary stresses
E Spring Supports
E Various Load Cases
Stress Analysis
E Expansion Joints
E Checking Flexibility using Nomographs
E Fundamentals of Buried Pipe Analysis
E Stress Analysis using CAESAR-II
E Stress Analysis- Responsibilities & Methodology
Flexibility
Temperature
COLD
HOT
Stress Analysis


Not Flexible
Flexible
More Flexible
E What is Flexibility of the Piping System?
Ability to absorb thermal growth of the piping system
Overview
E What is Flexibility of the Piping System?
Stress Analysis
Piping system shall be designed to have sufficient
flexibility to prevent pipe movements from causing
failure from overstress, leakage at joints or detrimental
distortion of connected equipment resulting from
excessive thrusts and moments
E How to provide Flexibility in the Piping system ?
By change in direction using BENDS, utilising
Expansion joints
Ability to absorb thermal growth of the piping system
E What code states about Flexibility in the Piping system ?
E HOW to conclude whether system is Flexible or not ?
- Sustained (Primary) Stresses <= SH or SC
Piping system- flexible and safe only IF following criteria are satisfied
- Thermal stresses <= Allowable Stress Range
- Flange Leakage
- Max Thermal Displacement- Axial / Lateral
- Pipe Sagging
- Nozzle Loading
- Vessels and Heat Exchangers
- Support Loading
Criteria Comparison Basis
- Centrifugal Pumps
- Centrifugal Compressors
- Reciprocating Compressors
- Steam Turbines
- Air Cooled Exchangers
ANSI B 31.3
Project Design Basis
Project Design Basis
Project Design Basis
Project Design Basis
Project Design Basis
API-610
API-617
API-618
API-661
NEMA-23
Project Design Basis
Stress Analysis
Acceptability Criteria
Types of STRESSES in the Piping System
Primary Stresses
E Direct Shear and Bending in nature
E Caused due to-
+ Dead Weight
+ Internal Pressure
+ Occasional Load
Pipe Fluid Piping Component Snow/ Ice
Wind Seismic Load PRV Thrust
Secondary Stresses
E Bending (cyclic) in nature
E Caused due to-
+ Thermal Expansion Equipment Piping System
Local Stresses
E Localised Bending and Shear in nature
E Caused due to-
+ Local load like load on welded lug on pipe
Stress Analysis
Code Allowable STRESSES
Primary Stresses
E Checking Criteria
Secondary Stresses
- Induced Stresses <= Sh or Sc
? How to FIND Sh and Sc
Sc = Allowable Stress at amb.Temp.
Sh = Allowable stress at elev. Temp.
Table A-1 for Metallic Piping
Table K-1 for High Press Piping.
E Checking Criteria
- Induced Stresses <= Sa
? How to FIND Sa
Sa = Allowable Stress Range
Refer B31.3
Sa = f x ( 1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh )
Refer
B31.3
Stress Analysis
Stress Range- Definition
COLD
HOT
HOT OPERATING COLD COLD
As
Installed
Outer fibre-Tension
At Elbow >>
Thermal exp.
Inner fibre- Compr.
Bending stresses
diminishes due to
plastic deformations
Stresses Relaxed
At Elbow >>
Outer fibre-Compr.
At Elbow >>
Thermal contraction
Inner fibre- Tension
Stress Loading type - CYCLIC
Failure type - FATIGUE
Failure time - Number of Cycle
Stress Analysis
Conclusion ?
Allowable Stress Range
Allowable Stress Range ( Sa) = (1.5 x Sh) + (1.5 x Sc) = 1.5 ( Sc +Sh )
Yield Stress ( Sy ) =1.5 x Allowable Tensile Stress ( Sc or Sh)
Provision of Primary stresses = Sh
Reduced allowable = 1.25 ( Sc + Sh)
To account for simplification in calcn.
To account for localised stresses
Allowable Stress Range ( Sa) = (1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh ) x f
f = Stress reduction factor
= 1 For life cycle up to 7000
= 0.9 For life cycle 7001 ~ 14000
= 0.8 For life cycle 14001 ~ 22000
= 0.7 For life cycle 22001 ~ 45000
= 0.6 For life cycle 45001 ~ 100000
= 0.5 For life cycle 100001 & over
Stress Analysis
COLD
HOT
Stress Evaluation
Temperature
COLD
HOT
L
= x L
Linear Coef of thermal expn.
( Ref. B31.3, Table C-1 )
Stress = Strain x E
Young Modulus of Elasticity
( Ref. B31.3, Table C-6 )
Force = Stress x Area
= 48 (L)
2
S / E D
E D / 48 (L)
2
S =
Guided Cantilever Method
Stress Analysis


Stress Evaluation-In & Out Plan Bending, SIF
Mi
Mt
Mo
For safe design Se < = Sa
Sb = ( Ii x Mi )
2
+ ( Io x Mo )
2
Z
Ii = SIF factor- In Plane
Io = Sif factor- Out Plane
Z = Sectional Modulus of Elasticity
= 3.142 x ( Do
3
- Di
3
) / 32
B 31.3 Table D-1
St = Mt / ( 2 x Z )
Se = Sb
2
+ 4 x St
2

Stress Analysis


Simplified method to check piping system flexibility
Basis - Code B 31.3 para 319.4.1
COLD
HOT
D x
( L - U )
2

< = K
I F Then Piping is Flexible
D = Pipe OD ( mm )
= Resultant Displacement ( mm )
L = Developed Length ( mtrs )
U = Anchor Distance ( mtrs )
K = 208.3
Limitations
Only two point of fixation
No change in pipe size
No intermediate restraint
Stress Analysis
Other Methods to check the flexibility
Using Nomographs
E To perform quick flexibility check
E To estimate preliminary anchor loading for civil structural design
E Highly versatile application program
E To do preliminary exp.. loop sizing on pipe rack at early stage of the job
E To review visual analysis lines to avoid expensive CAESAR analysis
E Results are acceptable to world wide Engineering companies
E Based on Finite Element Analysis Method
Stress Analysis
Using Computer application - CAESAR-II
Initial Review
E Review Piping Specification
E Review Piping Study Drawing around critical equipment
E Identify critical civil structural requirements
E Review all applicable project standards
E Prepare Preliminary Stress Critical Line List
E Quick check using Excel spreadsheet for Pipe Wall and Br. Reinf. Calculation
E Review Pipe-Rack study layout- Establish preliminary exp.. loop location
E Establish preliminary Pipe-rack loading for structural design
Detailed Review
E Identify CAESAR Stress Models- Include group of lines in single model
E Perform detailed stress analysis based on issued stress critical line list
E Analyse visual check lines using simplified manual techniques
E Communicate with civil, Vessel and Mechanical groups for loading
Final Approval
E Freeze the stress model based on final isometrics
E Documentation of Input and Output Reports
Stress Analysis
General Working Procedures
Identify Stress
Critical Lines-
Stress Critical Line
List
Review
Stress
Isometric
Revise the
Piping study &
Isometric
Freeze
Supporting
arrangement
Approve
the Stress
Isometric
Nozzle
loading &
Civil Loading
Acceptable ??
Yes
No
Stress Analysis
General Working Procedures
Responsibilities of Stress Engineers
E Nominated by Chief Piping Engineer
E Responsible for all Stress and Support related activities
Ensure work carried out per Procedures and Design Basis
Establish the Contract Design Data and Design Philosophy
Issue Stress and Support Design Note
Establish Stress Critical Line List
Stress Group Progress Reporting, Man-hours allocation and Forecast
Raise the Change order to reflect additional work
Supervise Stress and Support activities
Review Piping Specification for Pipe wall thickness and Branch Calc
Job close-out report for stress and support group
Stress Analysis
Stress Lead Engineer

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E Nominated by Chief Piping Engineer/Lead Stress Engineer
Carry out Flexibility analysis
Identify all the load cases to be considered in analysis
Review Study Drawing to ensure sufficient flexibility in critical piping
Identify and review all critical piping supports
Summarise Equipment Nozzle Loading communicate to others
Perform flange leakage calculation for high pressure piping
Communicate critical support loading to Civil
Prepare Spring Schedule/Bellow Specification for procurement
Identify requirement of reinforcement pad due to stress consideration
Decide on position of Fixed saddle of horizontal Heat Exch.. and Vessels
Review Vendor data regarding nozzle loading etc..
Documentation of Analysis Reports
Stress Analysis
Responsibilities of Stress Engineers
Stress Engineer

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SPRING Supports
Spring Hangers/ supports
E Why required ? ? ?
Variable Type
Constant Force Type
E Types of Spring supports
E Principle of working
E Terminology
Cold Load Hot Load Spring Rate Travel
E Instruction for Field Installations
E Technical Specification
Stress Analysis
Expansion Bellows
E Why to use ? ? ?
E Instruction for Field Installations
E Why NOT to use ? ? ?
Metallic Bellow
E Material of Construction
Non- Metallic ( Rubber / Fabric )
Axial
E Types of Metallic Bellows
Universal Tied Swing
Hinged Gimbal Pressure Balanced
E Selection Criteria
E Technical Specification
Stress Analysis
E Back Thrust of Un-tied bellow
Piping Supports
Pipe Supports
E Purpose of Support
E Pipe support Instructions and Design Guide
E Type of Supports
E Pipe support Standard
E Pipe Support - Trunnion Calculation
E Pipe Support - Span Table
Overview
Purpose of Pipe supports
Purpose
E To Support dead weight of Piping system
E To absorb wind load and Seismic load
E To absorb Vibration in the Piping system
E To Suppress the Noise level in the Pulsating Piping systems
E To take Expansion load in the Piping system
E To absorb Hydraulic Thrust in the Piping system
E To Support the system during Shut down/ Maintenance Cond.
E To absorb the Pressure Thrust of Bellow
E To minimise Pipe Sagging
Pipe Supports
Types of Pipe supports
Based on Functions
E Loose or Resting supports
E Longitudinal Guide Supports
E Transverse Guide Supports
E Anchor Supports
E Limit Stops
Welded Type
Non- Welded Type
Based on Construction
E Rigid Support
E Adjustable Supports
E Elastic Supports
Bolted Type
Welded Type
Constant Type
Variable Type
Snubber Type
Pipe Supports
Types of Pipe supports- Details
E U-Bolts and Clamps
E Shoe
E Rod Hangers
Welded Type
Clamped Type
Secondary Supports
E Attachment from Steel Structures
E Attachment from RCC Structures
E Attachment from Equipment
Primary Supports
E Attachment from Grades
Other Supports
E Trunnion Supports
E PTFE Sliding Supports
Pipe Supports