1. The idea of the theologians during the Spanish era, such as: Fr. Colin, Fr. Sta.

. Ines and Fr. Delgado advancing the Theological View that Philippines is part of Gods creation. 2. Legends and Myths

3. Scientific Theories, that Philippines is: Part of the lost continent (lost pacific called as Lemuria or Mu) Volcanic Origin (Dr. Bailey Willis, a geologist who maintained the theory that Philippines is a volcanic origin). Land-bridge theory

Theories on Philippines History suggest: That Philippines and the rest of the islands in Southeast Asia may have been the sites of human evolution between 200,000-300,00 years ago. During the Ice Age land bridges appear that connected the Philippines to mainland Asia . It is said that during this period the first settlers, a small group of hominid came. -most likely they were hunters and gatherers on exploration trip.

Earliest stone tools and animal fossils found in Cagayan Valley dated back to at least 200,000 years ago.

No human fossils found yet, the artifacts suggest their existence and they were called or .

A skull of man was discovered in the Tabon Cave of Palawan. From this skull , archeologist learned that man had been in the Phillippines for atleast 22,000 years.

Tabon man that was found dated back to half a million years old and had been occupied for more or less 50,000 years.

A piece of charcoal was found, which dated back to back 30,000 years was also found which may indicate the indicate the first use of fire in the archipelago.

Prehistoric people had a primitive culture characterized by the use of stone implements. They hunted animals such as pygamy elephant and rhinoceros. Early filipino lived in caves. They also gathered food from their immediate environment. They wore clothing made from materials that they got from nature.

Another settlers arrived. The ancestors of the Negritos ( Aeti, Ati, Dumagat), came to the Philippines by crossing the land bridges. They were said to have come from south, by way of Palawan and Borneo.

Another Negrito migration occurred a little later by way of Sulu and Mindanao. -they used blow gun , bow and arrow. -they practiced dry agriculture similar to the KAINGIN SYSTEM. -their tools were made of stone. -their clothing consisted of bark of trees, and their houses were made of leaves and branches of trees.

7,000 years ago, long after the ice that covered the world melted, the resulting rise in the sea level ushered in the arrival of another group of people, the Austronesians. They came to Southeast Asia by boats from Southern China. They had brown skin(kayumanggi).

Much later, some of them came to the Philippines from Indochina and South China also by boats. They built their houses with pyramidical roofs. Practiced dry agriculture and produce yams, rice, and gabe. Their clothing consisted of pounded bark of trees with various printed designs. Probable descendants of this group : -Kalingas -native Visayans -Manobos -Gaddangs -Tagbanuas of Palawan -Apayaos -Bagobos -Igorots -Bilaans -Tirurays of Mindanao

The early filipinos already know how to make copper and bronze implements. They irrigated their lands and built the first rice terraces in the Philippines.

Another migration allegedly occured. They are more advanced. They had a syllabary or alphabet that might have come from India. These Austronesians were the ancestors of the settlers that traded with ancient China and early Asian community. -they later lay the foundations of Islam in Sulu and Mindanao.

Agriculture -practiced by the Ancient Filipinos. -main source of sustenance. Land Cultivation
Kaingin System the land was cleared by burning shrubs and bushes.

Tillage System- the land was plowed and harrowed, then followed by planting.

KAINGIN SYSTEM

Irrigation

watering system practiced by our ancestors. they increased their crop production by irrigating ditches. Rice Terraces in Banawe, Mountain Province attest to this ancient practice.

Fishing

Most common industry because most of the settlements were along rivers and seas. Antonio de Morga, a spanish official in the judiciary said that this industry is quite general in the entire country and is considered a natural activity for the selfsupport of the people.

Mining -also another important industry before the coming of Spaniards. -1569, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reported to the Viceroy of Mexico that there was More or less gold..in all these islands ; itb is obtained from rivers and , in some places, from mines which the native works. -he mentioned Paracale, Cam. Norte, Ilocos,Cebu and Butuan River in Mindanao.

Shipbuilding and Logging

-also thriving industries. -Morga testified that many Filipinos were proficient in building ocean going vessels.

Barter System system in which goods are exchanged

for goods.

Social Classes
Nobles composed of the chiefs and their families. Freemen-regarded as societys middle class during ancient period of Philippine History. Dependents- alipin among ancient Tagalog. Classified according to: 1.Aliping namamahay-had his own house and family. -served its master by planting and harvesting crops,by rowing the masters boat. And by helping the construction of his masters house.

2.Aliping Sagigilid-had no house of his own and could not marry with out his masters consent. Among Visayan Dependents were of 3: 1. Tumataban- worked for his master when told to do so. 2. Tumarampak- who work one day a week his master. 3. Ayuey- who worked 3 days a week for his master.

Dependents are further Classified: Full dependent- parents are both dependent One-half dependent- with one parent as dependent. Semi-dependent-one parent being one-half dependent and the other is free. *These levels are . Anyone could move up and down a level upon payment of debt or purchase.

Women are equal of men in ancient society.

Enjoyed high position on society.

in most cases, woman of one class married into the same class. a man could marry as many women as he could support. a man is required to give a dowry, called bigaykaya, which usually consisted of piece of land or gold. Panghimuyat- a gift given by the man to the parents of the girl. Bigay-suso- a gift given by the man to the wetnurse of the girl.

Marriages between a man and a woman belonging from different social classes. NOT COMMON.

Barangay -basic unit of government. -consisted of 30-100 families. -derived from the word balangay, a boat which transported Austronesian immigrants to the Philippines. -independent and ruled by the CHIEFTAIN. -people paid tribute or tax to the chieftain. Sanduguan : a ritual where tribes would cut their wrist and pour their blood into a cup filled with liquid and drink each other's blood as part of the tribal tradition to seal a friendship, a pact or treaty, or to validate an agreement.

Chieftain -exercised the powers of executive, legislative and the judiciary. -he made the LAWS of the community with the aid of the concil of elders.
Umalohokan, , announce to the community the approval of the law.

The court of justice are composed of the chieftain as JUDGE and the elders as the Jury. Differences are resolved by arbitration. -the accuser and the accused faced each other with their witnesses. -they present their arguments, the man who had more witnesses was usually judge to be the winner. -the loser had no other alternative but to accept the chieftains decision.

Consists of :

Ordering the suspects, in the case of theft , to dip their hands into a pot of boiling water. The suspect whose hand was scalded most was judge guilty.
Another form was holding lightened candles by the suspect. The suspect whose candle died first was the guilty party. Ordering the suspect to chew uncooked rice. The one whose saliva was thickest was the culprit.

Clothing Ancient Filipino Clothing >male clothing -upper part was a jacket with short sleeves called Kangan.

*color of the jacket indicated the rank of the wearer: chief wore RED jacket.\, while those lower rank wore black or blue.

-lower part of the clothing is called, Bahag. -Bahag is consisted of a cloth wound in the waist,passing down between the thighs.
>female clothing -usually naked from waist up -they wore saya or skirt. -Among Visayans, lower part was called patadyong. - Tapis, a piece of white or red cloth,wrapped usually around the breast or waist.

Ancient Filipinos had NO SHOES. Putong a headgear wore by men,a piece of cloth wrapped around their head. *the color of putong showed the number of persons the wearer had killed. red putong- killed atleast 1. embroidered putong-had killed atleast 7.

Ancient Filipinos wore ornaments mde of gold and precious stones. Kalumbiga -armlets that men and women wore. Gold - commonly used by the ancient filipinos not only in making rings, armlets, and bracelets, but also fillings in the teeth.

Tattoo -ancient Filipinos was adorned by tattooing including the face. -women, tattooed their arms and faces to make themselves beautiful. -men, used tattoo as a mans war record. -Visayans, were the most tattooed people of the Philipppines. Spanish missionaries called Visayans, pintados or painted people.

A typical nipa hut in the Philippines has : -BULWAGAN one, large and open multi-purpose room for dwelling. -SILONG is the cellar where the household chores are done.This is also serves as the area for livestock pens and storage space. -SALA used not only for receiving visitors but a sleeping area as well. -SILID small room near sala, a place where mats,pillows and baskets of rice are kept.

-The walls are built of nipa and cogon leaves or sawali and woven bamboo. - It has a large window on all sides, which keep the dwellings well-ventilated. -It is supported by a tukod or legs that holding the swing shades open during the day and closing it during the night. -Bahay Kubo has a ladder or hagdan which can be removed at night or when the people living are out. -Also, some bahay kubo has an open porch or batalan where the jars of water are placed.

No formal schools but children of school age were taught their own homes. Their mothers who were their first teachers. Ancient Filipinos were generally literate.

Music and religion were also taught to the children. Syllabary ,Baybayin or Alibata - our ancestors system of writing. -where every letter is pronounced as a syllable. -syllabary, consisted of 17 symbols, 3 of which is vowels and 14 is consonants.

Early filipinos wrote on large leaves of plants and trees, sometimes on barks of trees and bamboo tubes. as ink, they used colored sap. as pencil, they used pointed sticks or iron/

Ancient Filipino Literature is classified into:

1.

Oral Literature consisted of sabi (maxims), bugtong (riddles), talindaw (boat song), tagumpay (victory songs), uyayi and hele (cradle song), ihiman ( wedding song), kumintang( war song) and many others. *19th Century, kumintang became a LOVE SONG. During, Revulotion, it disappeared and was replaced as KUNDIMAN.

2. Written Literature - LEGENDS are forms of prose, the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing,place, location or name. The events are imaginary, devoid of truth andunbelievable. Its aim is to entertain. e.g The Legend of Makahiya -FOLK TALES made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where onecanderive lessons about life. These are useful to us because they help usappreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our perspectives in life. e.g THE MOON AND THE SUN

- EPIC are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Nobody can determine which epics are the oldestbecause in their translations from other languages, even in English and Spanish.

Biag ni Lam-ang Ilokano Epic Maragtas Visayan Epic Haraya Visayan Epic Lagda Visayan Epic Hari sa Bukid Visayan Epic Kumintang Tagalog Epic Parang Sabir Moro Epic Dagoy at Sudsod Tagbanua Epic

Filipinos are considered born musician. Ancient filipinos from all regions had dances and songs for all occasions. Ilocanos had their musical instrument like the Kutibeng, a sort of guitar with 5 strings; the flute; and the kudyapi. Their favorite dancers were the Kinnallogong(hat dance) and Kinnoton(ant dance). Visayas, favorite dances were the Balitaw(exchange of extemporaneous love verses) and Dandansoy (courtship dance).

The earliest Filipino works of art may be seen in their tools and weapons. -tools and weapons before at first were rough, but as time went on, the Filipinos began to polish them. -with the introduction of bronze, instruments like bronze gongs, bells, and even drums were manufactured. -early Filipinos also used metal and glass. - daggers, bolos, knives and spears were made with artistic designs in their handle.

-Pottery with beautiful design was also made,while images of wood, ivory, and horn were carved. -Muslim Art,deals with plant and geometrical designs. -Ifugao art deals with animal and human representation.

Prehistoric Filipinos believed that the soul was immortal. They also believed in life after death. They believe in one Supreme Being, they called Bathala Maykapal or simply Bathala. They also worshipped minor deities whose function were closely related to the daily life of the people. Idiyanale-god of Agriculture Sidapa-god of death Agni-god of Fire

They worshipped the Sun. They venerated the moon, animalas and birds for they believe in the interconnectedness of the unseen with the visible. Anito -soul spirit that is venerated. -called the Cult of Dead -the memory of dead relatives was kept alive carving images made of gold, stone and ivory. -Image was called: larawan or likha Tagalog diwata Visayans bulol- Ifugaos

Not all anitos are good, some are bad. Offering were made to please the anitos. The rituals are officiated usually by a woman priest called babaylan,baylan, or katalona and occasionaly by male priest.

They also believed in life after death and the relationship between the living and the dead. When a relative died he/she was placed in a coffin and buried under his/her house. Living relatives placed his/her cloths, gold, and other valuable in the coffin. *they belived that in this way, the dead relative would be gladly received in other World. Morotal- mourning for woman. Maglahi-mourning for man. Laraw- mourning for chieftain.