Chapter 17

Electric Charge and Electric Field

Two kinds of charges: positive and negative

Two charges of the same kind REPEL each other

Two charges of different kinds ATTRACT each other

Coulombs Law
The magnitude F of the force that each of two point charges q1 and q2 exerts on each other when they are separated by a distance r is directly proportional to the product of the two charges and inversely proportional to the distance squared

F = k |q1q2|/r2

Additive forces

r12

r23

q1

q2

q3

r13

ELECTRIC FIELD

GAUSSs LAW
The total flux E coming out of any closed

surface is proportional to the total electric charge Qencl inside the volume surrounded by this surface.

E = Qencl / o
o = 8.854x10-12C2/(N.m2)

Chapter 18
Electric Potential and Capacitance

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY Electric potential energy is between two charges (q and q ) separated by a distance r and is defined as: PE = kqq/r Electric potential energy is a scalar and has units of Joule (J). When there are more than 2 charges, the total potential energy is the sum of the energy associated with each pair of charges

 In the gravitational case, the change in the potential energy associated with an object with mass m when moved from the surface to a height h is mgh Similarly, the electric potential energy associated with a charge q in a field E is: qEd When the charge is moved a distance d along or opposite direction of the field

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL or VOLTAGE

A charge Q creates an electric field around it. Similarly, this charge will create an electric potential V around it, commonly called voltage It is a scalar and is defined as: V = kQ/r The unit for electric potential is the Volt (V). Consequently, when a charge q is placed at a distance r from Q, the electric potential energy between the two charges would be: U = qV

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL and ELECTRIC FIELD For parallel plates separated by a distance d and a potential difference between them V the field between the plates is then:

E= V/d Or V=Ed

DEFINITION
The CAPACITANCE C of a capacitor is the ratio of the magnitude of the charge Q on either conductor (plate) to the magnitude of the potential Vab between the conductors (plates): C =Q/Vab The SI unit of capacitance is FARAD (1farad = 1C/1V)

CAPACITANCE FOR PARALLEL PLATES

If the capacitor is made of parallel plates with surface area A and a separation d between the plates, the capacitance is: C = 0A/d

Capacitors are often joined

Capacitors are often joined II Figures 18.22

Electric Field Energy in a Capacitor

One of the applications of the capacitor is to store energy (analogous to the potential energy stored in a spring) Ucapacitor = (1/2) CV2

Chapter 19
Current, Resistance, and Directed-Current Circuits

Current defined

Unit: 1coulomb/second = 1 ampere = 1A

Resistance and Ohms Law When the potential difference V between the two ends of a conductor is proportional to the current I passing through the conductor, the ratio (V)/(I) is called the resistance of the conductor :

R = V/I
The SI unit for resistance is the ohm and it is represented by the Greek letter 1 = 1V/A

Resistivity
The resistance is the property of a given conductor and it depends on its length L and cross- section area A

R = L/A
L
characterizes the conduction properties of the material

Power in Electric Circuit

The power P is defined as P = VabI The unit for power is the watt 1W = 1J/s

Power for a pure resistor:

For a pure (single) resistor, we have: P=VabI Since V= RI P = RI2 or P = V2ab/R

Connections in series

Req = R1 + R2 + R3

SAME CURRENT DIFFERENT POTENTIAL

Connections in parallel

1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

SAME POTENTIAL DIFFERENT CURRENT

Just after two identical point charges are released when they are a distance D apart in outer space, they have an acceleration a. If you release them from a distance D/2 instead, their acceleration will be A. a/4 B. 4a C. 2a D. a/2

Just after two identical point charges are released when they are a distance D apart in outer space, they have an acceleration a. If you release them from a distance D/2 nstead, their acceleration will be A. a/4 B. 4a C. 2a D. a/2

F = k |q1q2|/D2 a = F/m 4a

If the electric field is E at a distance d from a point charge, its magnitude will be 2E at a distance: C. d/ 2 D. d 2

A. d/4

B. d/2

E. 2d

If the electric field is E at a distance d from a point charge, its magnitude will be 2E at a distance: C. d/ 2 D. d 2

A. d/4

B. d/2

E. 2d

E = k q/d2
C

Two unequal point charges are separated as shown in the figure The electric field due to this combination of charges can be zero A. only in region 1. B. only in region 2. C. only in region 3. D. in both regions 1 and 3.

Two unequal point charges are separated as shown in the figure The electric field due to this combination of charges can be zero A. only in region 1. B. only in region 2.

C. only in region 3.
D. in both regions 1 and 3.

Two protons close to each other are released from rest and
are completely free to move. After being released (there may be more than one correct choice), A. their speeds gradually decrease to zero as they move apart. B. their speeds gradually increase as they move apart. C. their accelerations gradually decrease to zero as they move apart. D. their accelerations gradually increase as they move apart.

Two protons close to each other are released from rest and
are completely free to move. After being released (there may be more than one correct choice), A. their speeds gradually decrease to zero as they move apart. B. their speeds gradually increase as they move apart. C. their accelerations gradually decrease to zero as they move apart. D. their accelerations gradually increase as they move apart.

 A spherical balloon contains a charge +Q uniformly distributed over its surface. When it has a diameter D , the electric field at its surface has magnitude E . If the balloon is now blown up to twice this diameter without changing the charge, the electric field at its surface is
A. 4E B. 2E C.E/4 D. E/2

 A spherical balloon contains a charge +Q uniformly distributed over its surface. When it has a diameter D , the electric field at its surface has magnitude E . If the balloon is now blown up to twice this diameter without changing the charge, the electric field at its surface is
A. 4E B. 2E

C.E/4

D. E/2

An electron is moving horizontally in a laboratory when a uniform electric field is suddenly turned on. This field points vertically downward (in the plane of the paper). Which of the paths shown will the electron follow, assuming

that gravity can be neglected?

An electron is moving horizontally in a laboratory when a uniform electric field is suddenly turned on. This field points vertically downward (in the plane of the paper). Which of the paths shown will the electron follow, assuming

that gravity can be neglected?

In the figure below, point P is equidistant from both point

charges.
At that point (there may be more than one correct choice), A.the electric field points directly to the right. B. the electric field is zero. C. the potential (relative to infinity) is zero. D. the potential (relative to infinity) points upward.

In the figure below, point P is equidistant from both point

charges.
At that point (there may be more than one correct choice), A.the electric field points directly to the right. B. the electric field is zero.

C. the potential (relative to infinity) is zero.

D. the potential (relative to infinity) points upward.

V is a scalar and is defined as: V = kQ/r

For the capacitor network shown in the figure below a constant potential difference of 50.0 V is maintained across points a and b by a battery. Which of the following statements about this network is correct?

A. The 10 F and 20 F capacitors have equal charges. B. The charge on the 20 F capacitor is twice the charge on the 10 F capacitor. C. The potential difference across the 10 F capacitor is the same as the potentia difference across the 20 F capacitor. D. The equivalent capacitance of the network is 60 F .

For the capacitor network shown in the figure below a constant potential difference of 50.0 V is maintained across points a and b by a battery. Which of the following statements about this network is correct? A. The 10 F and 20 F capacitors have equal charges.

B. The charge on the 20 F capacitor is twice the charge on the 10 F capacitor. C. The potential difference across the 10 F capacitor is the same as the potentia difference across the 20 F capacitor. D. The equivalent capacitance of the network is 60 F .