Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Filipinos: The Americans are imperialists disguised as benevolent and altruistic: traitors, interlopers and obstacle to their legitimate desire for freedom and independence This explains the Filipino brutality American brutality: tortures, water cure, rope cure, beating, arson
Three sectoral perspectives: Christian, Muslim and tribal The Katipunan Luzon:Cavite, Batangas, Bicol, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija Visayas: Samar and Leyte Mindanao: Lanao, Cotabato, Sulu
The second reason is the basic orientation of the elite which felt distrust in the integrity and character of the masses whom the elite regarded as potential trouble makers, bandits and enemies of what they represented in society. In short, the elite could not trust their interests and future in the hands of the masses.
The Jones Law of 1916: In 1916 the Filipinos received the promise of independence as soon as a stable government can be established by them. Contained in the preamble of the Jones Law By the end of 1918, the Filipinos felt that they had established the stable government and it was time for the US to redeem its promise
The demand had been voiced by means of formal resolutions of the Philippine Assembly (after 1916, the Phil. Legislature) After 1918, a more sustained effort for freedom was undertaken with the appeal by the Filipinos to Washington through parliamentary missions or legislative committees sent by the Commission of Independence
Commission of Independence
Was created in November by the Philippine Legislature for the purpose of studying all matters related to the negotiation and organization of the independence of the Philippines. Was given full power and jurisdiction to act for the Philippine Legislature ( Senate and the House of Representatives)
Commission of Independence
Composed of 11 senators and 40 congressmen including the presiding officers of both houses the leadership belonged to the Nacionalista Party (majority of the members) MLQ, Sergio Osmena, Manuel Roxas, Lose Abad Santos, Benigno Aquino, Sr., Camilo Osias, Elpidio Quirino (NP), Claro M. Recto, Emilio Tria Tirona, Juan Sumulong, Pedro Gil, Ruperto Montinola (DP)
OSROX Mission: Osmena-Roxas Mission Succeeded in securing the passage of an independence bill- (1931-1933) the controversial Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act (January 17, 1933).
HHC Act
Provided for the establishment of a ten-year Commonwealth to serve as a transition government before the proclamation of independence on July 4, 1946. This was rejected by the Philippine Legislature headed by Manuel L. Quezon.
In Nov. 1933, MLQ left for the US to secure a better independence bill May 1, 1934, the Philippine Legislature unanimously accepted the T-M Act Constitutional convention officials: Claro M. Recto, Ruperto Montinola, Teodoro Sandiko and Narciso Pimentel
Tydings-Mcduffie Act
A plebiscite was held on May 14, 1935 September 1935, Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmena won as President and Vice President, respectively over Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay Nov.15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated with MLQ and SO
Commonwealth Acts
CA No. 1 the National Defense Act headed by Gen. Douglas MacArthur as Field Marshall of the Philippine Army Organization of citizen army: a regular force of about 10,000 men including PC and a reserve force to number 400,000 by the end of ten years Training program of 21- year old able bodied men for a period of 5 months
CA No. 1
Preparatory Military Training (PMT) given in the elementary, high school and college levels Establishment of Philippine Navy (50-100 torpedo boats) Army Air Corps composed of a fleet of fast bomber planes
CA # 213 the Court of Industrial Relations was established to settle between employers and laborers questions involving hours of labor, minimum wages, working conditions, etc. System of Education A National Council of Education was created in 1936 headed by Rafael Palma and VP Sergio Osmena
VP Sergio Osmena headed the Department of Education The primary emphasis is primary education Provided for adult education to build a literate society
CA No. 184 for the establishment of the Institute of National Language which is tasked to study the different Philippine languages for the purpose of evolving and adopting a national language 9Nov. 9, 1937) December 30, 1937, Tagalog was adopted as the national language thru CA 570 it became one of the official languages
Decrease infant mortality and incidence of malaria, educating the people in the basic principles of hygiene and sanitation; eradication of superstition and ignorance, creation of the Board of Public health Trade, Commerce and Industry Transportation and communication Individual freedoms Political consciousness and language & literature
Negative Results
Love for foreign things, cultures and ideas Mental attitude colonial mentality Filipinos excel as imitators Many social problems of today are a result of the growth of urban centers