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The OSI Model

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2.1 The OSI Model


Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s. It is a layered architecture.

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Note: ISO is the organization. OSI is the model

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2.1 Layered Tasks


The concept layer has been used in our daily life.
e.g. consider two friends who communicate through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a friend would be complex if there were no services available from the post office

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier Hierarchy Services


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Figure 2.1

Sending a letter

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The OSI (open system interconnection) model

An open system is a set of protocols that allows any two different systems to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture. The OSI model is not a protocol. The purpose of the OSI model is to show how to facilitate communications between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of the underlying hardware and software. OSI consists of seven layers.
Physical Data link Network Transport Session presentation Application

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Layered Architecture

Within a single machine, each layer calls upon the services of the layer just below it. E.g. layer 3, uses the services provided by layer 2 and provides services to layer 4. communications is governed by protocols.

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Peer-to-peer-processes

The processes on each machine that communicate at a given layer. At higher layer, communication must move down through layers on device A, over device B, and then back up through the layers. Each layer adds its own information. At physical layer, communication is direct: device A sends stream of bits to device B (through intermediate nodes). In the receiving device, the message is unwrapped layer by layer with each process receiving and removing data meant for it.
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Interfaces between layers:

Passing data and information between each pair of adjacent layers is made possible by an interface (defines the information and services a layer must provide for the layer above it). Organization of the layers is shown in the next slide.

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The seven layers belonging to three subgroup:

Layer 1,2, 3 : the network support layers, they deal with the physical aspects of moving data from one device to another. Layer 5, 6, 7 : the user support layers, they allow interoperability among unrelated software systems. Layer 4, ensures end-to-end reliable data transmission

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The OSI model

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Figure 2.1

The OSI model

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Figure 2.2

OSI layers

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Figure 2.3

An exchange using the OSI model

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2.2 Layers in the OSI Model


The functions of each layer in the OSI model is briefly described. The topics discussed in this section include: Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Session Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer Summary of Layers

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Physical layer

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Figure 2.4

Physical layer

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Note: The physical layer is responsible for the movement of individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

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Physical layer is concerned with:


1.

Physical characteristics of interface and media. Representation of bit.

defines the characteristics of the interface between devices and the transmission medium. defines the type of encoding (how 0s and 1s are changed to signals)
(The number of bits
Defines the duration of a bit.

2.

3.

Data or transmission rate


send per second).

4.

Synchronization of bits.

The sender and the receiver use the same bit rate this rate must be synchronized The sender and the receiver clocks must be synchronized.
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Cont 5. Line configuration.

connection of devices to the medium. In point-to-point, line is dedicated. In multipoint, line is shared.

6.

Physical topology.
The physical topology defines how devices are connected to make a network (mesh, star, bus, ring, hybrid).

7.

Transmission mode.
defines the direction of transmission between two devices: simple, half duplex, full duplex.
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Data link layer

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Figure 2.5

Data link layer

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Note: The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.

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Figure 2.6

Hop-to-hop delivery

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Other responsibilities of the data link layer: 1. Framing.

DLL divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into manageable data units called frames. DLL adds a header to the frame to define the physical address of the sender (source address) and/or receiver (destination address) of the frame. If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the receiver is less than the rate produced in the sender, the data link layer impose a flow control mechanism to prevent overwhelming the receiver
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2.

Physical addressing.

3.

Flow control:

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Other responsibilities of the data link layer: 4. Error control:

This is achieved through the trailer.

5. Access control

When two or more devices are connected to the same link, data link layer protocols are necessary to determine which device has control over the link at any given time.

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Network layer

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Figure 2.7

Network layer

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Note: The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the destination host.

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Figure 2.8

Source-to-destination delivery

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Other responsibilities of the Network Layer: 1. Logical addressing.

2.

Routing.

The network layer adds a header to the packet coming from the upper layer, includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver. When independent networks or link are connected together to create an internetwork ( a network of networks) or a large network, the connecting devices (router or gateways) route or switch the packet to their final destination. The network layer provide this mechanism.

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Transport layer

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Figure 2.9

Transport layer

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Note: The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.

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Figure 2.10

Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

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Other responsibilities of the Transport layer : 1. Service-point addressing:


The TL header must include (Servicepoint addressing) The network layer gets each packet to the correct computer; the Transport layer gets the entire message to the correct process on that computer. Segmentation and reassembly: A message is divided into segments, each segment containing a sequence number, these numbers enable the TL to reassemble the message upon arriving correctly. 36

2.

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Other responsibilities of the Transport layer : 3. Connection control, TL can either be:
Connectionless : treats each segment is an independent packet. Connection-oriented: make a connection with the transport layer on the receiving machine before delivering the packets. Flow control: end-to-end flow control, Error control: process-to-process , the sending transport layer makes sure that the entire message arrives at the receiving transport layer without error.

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4. 5.

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Session layer

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Figure 2.11 Session layer

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Responsibilities of the Session Layer:


1.

Dialog control:
The Session layer allows two systems to enter into dialog. Allows the communication between two processes to take place either in halfduplex or full-duplex.

2.

Synchronization:
Session layer allows a process to add checkpoints (synchronization points) into a stream of data.
e.g: sending a file of 2000 pages, insert checkpoint every

100 pages to insure each 100 page unit is received and acknowledged independently. If a crash occurs during transmission of page 522, then, pages 501-522 need to be resent after recovery.
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Presentation layer

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Figure 2.12

Presentation layer

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Responsibilities of the presentation Layer: 1. Translation:

PL is responsible for interoperability between the different encoding methods.

2.

3.

Encryption: to assure privacy, the sender transforms the original information to another form and sends the resulting MSG out over the network. Decryption, transforms the encrypted MSG back to its original form Compression: compression reduces the number of bits to be transmitted.
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Application layer

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Figure 2.13

Application layer

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Responsibilities of the Application Layer:


1.

Network Virtual Terminal.


Network virtual terminal is a software version of a physical terminal and allows a user to log on a remote host.

2.

File transfer, Access, and management (FTAM)


This application allows a user to access files in a remote computer, to retrieve file files from a remote computers.

3.

Mail Services.
This application provides the basis for e-mail forwarding and storage.

4.

Directory services
This application provides distributed database sources and access for global information about various objects and services.

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Figure 2.14

Summary of layers

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